cell adaptation

Question 1

the cell can adapt to changes/stimulation

Answer 1

cell adaptation

Question 2

increase in cell with subsequent increase in organ size

Answer 2

hypertrophy

Question 3

causes of hypertrophy

Answer 3

increase functional demand, hormonal stimulation

Question 4

increase in the number of cells in an organ which may then increase organ size

Answer 4

hyperplasia

Question 5

the female breast at puberty and in pregnancy

Answer 5

hormonal hyperplasia

Question 6

liver regeneration after partial resection

Answer 6

compensatory hyperplasia

Question 7

causes of pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 7

excess hormones

Question 8

increased risk for development of endometrial adenocarcinoma

Answer 8

atypical hyperplasia

Question 9

decrease in the size of cell of organ by loss of cell substance can either be both size and number

Answer 9

atrophy

Question 10

physiologic atrophy

Answer 10

normal development, uterus following childbirth

Question 11

causes of pathologic atrophy

Answer 11

decreased workload, loss of innervation, decreased blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation and pressure

Question 12

atrophy results from both what?

Answer 12

decreased protein synthesis and increase protein degredation

Question 13

incomplete development of an organ so that it fails to reach adult size or the decrease in cell production

Answer 13

hypoplasia

Question 14

a reversible change in which 1 adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.

Answer 14

metaplasia

Question 15

what is associated with vitamin a that is caused by chronic irritation and vitamin a deficiency?

Answer 15

metaplasia

Question 16

hyperplasia and metaplasia are _______ changes but a fertile field of dysplasia which is a ______ change.

Answer 16

not premalignant, premalignant

Question 17

atypical proliferative changes due to chronic irritation or inflammation

Answer 17

dysplasia

Question 18

the principles of cell injury

Answer 18

a. the cellular response to injurious stimuli depends on the type of injury, its duration and its severity.
b. the consequences of cell injury depends on the type, state and adaptability of the injured cell.
c. cell injury results from different biochemical mechanisms acting on several essential cellular components.

Question 19

the reversible changes secondary to injury

Answer 19

cellular swelling, cell membrane blebs, detached ribosomes, & chromatin clumping,

Question 20

the irreversible changes secondary to injury

Answer 20

lysosome rupture, dense bodies in mitochondria, cell membrane rupture, & karyolysis, karyorrhexis and pyknosis.

Question 21

melting/dissolution of nucleus

Answer 21

karyolysis

Question 22

fragmentation of nucleus

Answer 22

karyorrhexis

Question 23

the nucleus is shrunken and dark, or the shrinkage of nucleus

Answer 23

pyknosis

Question 24

myocardial infarction markers

Answer 24

a. 2 hour post infarction - cardiac specific enzymes and proteins
b. 4-12 hours - morphologic changes

Question 25

cell proliferation: a. continuously dividing cells b. quiescent cells c. non-dividing cells

Answer 25

a. labile cells b. stable cells c. permanent cells

Question 26

susceptibility to ischemic necrosis

Answer 26

high: neurons (3-4 mins) medium: myocardium, hepatocytes, renal epithelium (30 mins to 2 hours) low: fibroblast, epidermis, skeletal muscles (many hours)

Question 27

3 major consequences of mitochondrial damage

Answer 27

1. mpt pores open, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. decreased oxidative phosphorylation and decreased atp. 2. production of ROS 3. leakage of pro-apoptic proteins

Question 28

loss of ca++ homeostasis

Answer 28

a. extracellular is 15x higher than cystosolic ca++ b. loss of atp increases intracellular c. increased ca++ also increases mitochondrial permeability triggering apoptosis

Question 29

normal metabolism produces..

Answer 29

superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl ion

Question 30

superoxide is produced in ___

Answer 30

neutrophils

Question 31

excess ROS leads to

Answer 31

oxidative stress

Question 32

pathologic effects of ROS

Answer 32

a. lipid peroxidation (membrane damage) b. protein damage c. dna damage

Question 33

what blocks the formation of ROS or inactivates them

Answer 33

antioxidant

Question 34

the antioxidant enzymes

Answer 34

superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase

Question 35

vitamins associated with antioxidant

Answer 35

vitamins a, e, c (ascorbic acid), glutathione

Question 36

membrane permeability defects

Answer 36

a. plasma membrane b. mitochondrial membrane c. lysosomal membrane (release of rnas, dnas, and proteases)

Question 37

cell injury causes

Answer 37

1. oxygen deprivation 2. physical agents 3. chemical agents and drugs 4. infectious agents 5. immunologic reactions 6. genetic derangements 7. nutritional imbalances

Question 38

known as the deficiency of oxygen

Answer 38

hypoxia

Question 39

causes of hypoxia

Answer 39

cardiorespiratory failure, anemia, co poisoning

Question 40

known as the loss of blood supply (oxygen and nutrients)

Answer 40

ischemia

Question 41

death of groups of cells after injury & usually with inflammation

Answer 41

necrosis

Question 42

death of individual cells usually no imflammation

Answer 42

apoptosis

Question 43

the hypoxic death except brain

Answer 43

coagulative

Question 44

bacterial infections, also hypoxic death in brain tissue

Answer 44

liquefactive

Question 45

associated with tuberculosis in terms of necrosis

Answer 45

caseous

Question 46

enzymatic or traumatic damage to fatty tissue like pancreatitis

Answer 46

fat

Question 47

usually involves lower extremities and often is a type of coagulative necrosis

Answer 47

gangrenous

Question 48

immune complexes in arteries

Answer 48

fibrinoid

Question 49

the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development due to the absence of primordial tissue

Answer 49

agenesis

Question 50

failure of the corpus callosum to develop

Answer 50

agenesis of the corpus callosum

Question 51

failure of 1 or both kidneys to develop

Answer 51

renal agenesis

Question 52

failure of the arms or legs to develop

Answer 52

phocomelia

Question 53

failure of the penis to develop

Answer 53

penile agenesis

Question 54

failure of the uterus and part of vagina to develop

Answer 54

mullerian agenesis

Question 55

failure of the gallbladder to develop

Answer 55

`agenesis of the gallbladder

Question 56

failure of the portion of the eyelid margin to develop

Answer 56

eye agenesis