CCM Ch. 2

Question 1

symbol

Answer 1

a word or gesture that stands in for or represents something else

Question 2

codes

Answer 2

culturally agreed on and ever-changing systems of symbols that help is organize, understand and generate meaning

Question 3

displacement

Answer 3

the unique human ability to talk about events thay are removed in space or time from a speaker and situation

Question 4

triangle of meaning

Answer 4

a model of communication that indicates the relationship among a thought, symbol, and referent, and highlights the indirect relationship between the symbol and referent

Question 5

denotation

Answer 5

definitions that are accepted by the language group as a whole; the dictionary definition of a word

Question 6

connotation

Answer 6

definition that is based on emotion - or experience-based associations people have with a word

Question 7

grammar

Answer 7

the rules that govern how words are user to make phrases and sentences

Question 8

language acquisition

Answer 8

the process by which we learn to understand, produce, and use words to communicate within a given language group

Question 9

verbal expressions

Answer 9

language that helps us communicate our observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs

Question 10

directives

Answer 10

utterances that try to get another person to do something

Question 11

commissives

Answer 11

language that commits the speaker to a certain course of action

Question 12

neologisms

Answer 12

newly coined or used words

Question 13

slang

Answer 13

new or adapted words that are specific to a group, context, and/or time period; regarded as less formal; representative of peoples creative play with language

Question 14

supportive message

Answer 14

messages communicated in an open, honest, and non-confrontational way

Question 15

unsupportive messages

Answer 15

messages that can make others respond defensively, which can lead to feelings of separation or dissolution of a relationship

Question 16

jargon

Answer 16

specialized words used by a certain group or profession

Question 17

whole messages

Answer 17

include all the relevant types of expressions needed to most effectively communicate in a given situation, including what you think, what you feel, and what you need

Question 18

partial messages

Answer 18

messages that are missing a relevant type of expression and can lead to misunderstanding and conflict

Question 19

contaminated messages

Answer 19

messages that include mixed or misleading expressions

Question 20

affective language

Answer 20

language used to express a persons feelings and create similar feelings in another person

Question 21

simile

Answer 21

a direct comparison of two things using the words “like” or “as”

Question 22

metaphor

Answer 22

an implicit comparison of two things that are not alike and/or are not typically associated

Question 23

personification

Answer 23

the attribution of human qualities or characteristics of other living things to nonhuman objects or abstract concepts

Question 24

social swearing

Answer 24

swearing used conversationally to create social bonds or for impression management ( to seem cool or attractive )

Question 25

annoyance swearing

Answer 25

swearing that provides a sense of relief as people use it to manage stress and tension, which can be a preferred alternative to physical aggression

Question 26

inference

Answer 26

conclusions based on thought or speculation but not direct observation

Question 27

facts

Answer 27

conclusions based on a direct observation or group consensus

Question 28

judgements

Answer 28

expressions of approval or disapproval that are subjective and not verifiable

Question 29

inference-observation confusion

Answer 29

a frequent source of miscommunication that involved the misperception of an inference as an observation

Question 30

adjacency pairs

Answer 30

related communication structures that come one after the other in an interaction

Question 31

dialects

Answer 31

versions of languages that have distinct words, grammar and pronunciation

Question 32

accents

Answer 32

distinct styles of pronunciation

Question 33

communication accommodation theory

Answer 33

theory that explores why and how people modify their communication to fit situational, social, cultural, and relational contexts

Question 34

convergence

Answer 34

using communication similar to that of your communication partner

Question 35

divergence

Answer 35

using language to emphasize the differences between you and your conversational partner

Question 36

cultural bias

Answer 36

a skewed way of viewing or talking about a group that is typically negative