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CD 07 Flashcards

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1
Q

How are antibiotic drugs classified?

A
  1. By their effect on bacteria
  2. By their spectrum of activity
  3. Mechanism of action
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2
Q

What does Bacteriostatic mean?

A

Inhibit bacterial growth and replication

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3
Q

Bactericidal mean ?

A

Kill bacteria

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4
Q

What is Narrow spectrum: ?

A

Limited to specific microbe families

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5
Q

What is Broad spectrum?

A

Extensive, affects Gram +/Gram -

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6
Q

According to the mechanism of action Antibiotics are classified in 3 broad classes. However in class 1 reaction what energy source Bacteria use

A

Host and organism similar

Bacteria can use alternative energy sources

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7
Q

in Class II drugs antibiotics works on

A

Synthesis of essential growth factors

E.g. folate synthesis

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8
Q

In Class III drugs antibiotics works on

A

Assembly of macromolecules
DNA, RNA, proteins
Peptidoglycans

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9
Q

What are the unwanted effects of antibiotics?

A
  1. Gastrointestinal toxicity

2. Nephrotoxicity

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10
Q

What are the unwanted effects of antibiotics?

A

Idiosyncratic reactions
Skin rashes, eruptions, itching
Liver toxicity
Blood cells (hematological toxicity e.g. anemia)

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11
Q

In bacteria How Folate synthesis work?

A

PABA converted to (Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a chemical found in the folic acid) =>DHF=>THF=>Purine and Methionine and Thymidylate

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12
Q

Does (Sulfonamides) Sulfadiazine is static or cidal?

A

• BacterioSTATIC(Gram+/-)

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13
Q

Pharmacokinetics of sulfadiazine

A

Mostly absorbed orally
Metabolised in liver
Excreted by kidney (t1/2 =12h)

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14
Q

What are the Unwanted effect of sulfadiazine?

A

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Hypersensitivity reactions

Hepatitis

Bone marrow suppression

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15
Q

Clinical Use of sulfadiazine

A

Inflammatory bowel disease (sulphasalazine)

For infected burns
topical: silver sulfadiazine

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16
Q

Trimethoprim is a bacterio static or bacterio cidal ?

A

Bacterio static for both G+ or G- bacteria

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17
Q

Trimethoprim inhibit ?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

Synergistically prevent folate synthesis

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18
Q

PK of Trimethoprim

A

Given orally
Fully absorbed from GI tract
High conc. in lung, kidney,
Eliminated by the kidney (t1/2 =24)

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19
Q

Unwanted effects of TMP ?

A 
Folate deficiency=>
megaloblastic anaemia (long term use)
Nausea, 
vomiting 
Blood disorders 
Rashes
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20
Q

Clinical Use of TMP?

A

Urinary tract infections(UTI)

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21
Q

Bacterial DNA replication Occurs by what?

A

Binary fission

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22
Q

Bacterial DNA replication occurs by

Study These Flashcards
A

bianary fission

23
Q

Work of Topoisomerase of DNA in Bacteria replication is?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Break rotate and reseal
  • It removes extra DNA supercoils
  • Separates intertwined DNA
24
Q

How many Types of Topoisomerase is?

Study These Flashcards
A

2 Types

  • DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase ll )
  • Topoisomerase IV
25
What are the Quinolones (Fluoroquinolones) class of drug?
Ciprofloxacin Moxifloxacin anything with oxacin are quinolones groups
26
What Quinolones inhibits?
``` DNA gyrase in (G-) bacteria Inhibits topoisomerase (IV) in Gram positive bacteria ```
27
Quinolones are static or cidal and narrow spectrum or broad spectrum?
``` are Bacteriacidal (Kill) and Broad spectrum ```
28
Pharmacokinetics of Quinolones /Fluoroquinolones are
Absorb orally Accumulate perdominantly in kidney Prostate and lung Excrete by urine
29
Quinolones or Fluoroquinolones can not cross BBB ?
Except ofloxacin
30
Quinolones or fluoroquinolones are Metabolised by which enzyme
CYP 450
31
As quinolones are predominantly exceriated by kidney so what needs to monitor and have to do?
so Dose adjustment is required for renal failure patients
32
Unwanted effect of Quinolones or fluoroquinoles are
skin rash and GI problem Headache and dizziness
33
Quinolones/ fluoroquinoles Clinical Use
``` Travellers diarrhoea (moderate/severe) Gonorrhoea Prostatitis, bone and joint infections (if no alternative) ```
34
Important drug drug interection of quinolones is
Al and Mg containing ANTACIDS inhibit abosorbpoton from the gut.
35
Ciprofloxacin is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2 as a result
* Caffeine (limited clinical importance) | * Theophylline (historically most important)
36
Clozapine, & olanzapine (antipsychotics) metabolized by which enzyme?
by CYP 1A2
37
Who are the tetracycline group of drugs ?
Doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline
38
Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic or cidal?
static
39
Tetracycline inhibit
30s by binding of aa-tRNA
40
What are the unwanted effect of tetracycline
tetracycline deposition in bone and teeth Sunburn so avoid sun light hepatotoxicity avoid in pregnency
41
Clinical use of tetracycline is
Acne | Respiratory infections
42
Aminoglycosides class of drugs are
gentamycin, tobramycin
43
How aminoglycosides are work against bacteria?
Inhibit 30s miscoding mRNA
44
Aminoglycocydes are bactrio?
Cidal
45
What is the pharmcokinetics of Aminoglycosides?
IV or IM given | eleminate via kidney
46
What are the unwanted effect of Aminoglycosides
Allergy Nephrotoxicity Renal impairment
47
What are the clinical use of aminoglycosides for?
Pneumonia | Meningitis
48
What are the Macrolides group of drugs?
Erythromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin Roxithromycin
49
How macrolides work against bacteria?
Inhibit 50s ribosomal subunit | Dissociation of tRNA
50
Does macrolides are static or cidal
Static
51
What is the pharmacokinetics of Macrolides?
Orally given metabolised in liver and excreted by kidney. | they are CYP 1A2 and 3A4 inhibitor
52
Drug drug interaction of Macrolides are also CYP 1A2 and 3A4 inhibitor
Benzodiazepines Simvastatin Warferin
53
What are the unwanted effect of Macrolides?
GI toxicity | Cardiac toxicity
54
What are the clinical usage of Macrolides
Respiratory infection | Skin infection

CD (23 decks)

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