Cell Adaptation + Cell Injury (P)

Question 1

*What are the factors that can cause reversible changes (in cell adaptation)?

Answer 1

1) Size
2) Phenotype
3) Metabolic activity
4) Function cell

Question 2

What are the types of cell adaptation?

Answer 2

1) Hypertrophy
2) Hyperplasia
3) Atrophy
4) Metaplasia

Question 3

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 3

It is the increase in cell / tissue size

Question 4

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 4

It is the increase in cell / tissue #

Question 5

What is atrophy?

Answer 5

It is the decrease in mass of the cell / tissue

Question 6

What is metaplasia?

Answer 6

It is the reversible change of 1 type of epithelial adult cells to another type of epithelial adult cells or mesenchymal cells

Question 7

Why is metaplasia present?

Answer 7

It is present in response to abnormal stimuli

Question 8

If metaplasia is present, when will the tissue / cell return back to normal?

Answer 8

It returns back to normal when the stimulus is removed

Question 9

What happens if stimulus persist for a long time (in the case of metaplasia)?

Answer 9

Cancer occurs

Question 10

What are the types of metaplasia?

Answer 10

1) Epithelial cell metaplasia

2) Mesenchymal cell metaplasia

Question 11

What is the characteristic of epithelial cell metaplasia?

Answer 11

It is more common > mesenchymal cell metaplasia

Question 12

What is the characteristic of metaplastic changes present in epithelial cell metaplasia?

Answer 12

These may be patchy or diffused

Question 13

What is the mechanism present in epithelial cell metaplasia?

Answer 13

The replacement by stronger but less well-specialized epithelium

Question 14

What are the types of epithelial cell metaplasia?

Answer 14

1) Squamous epithelial metaplasia

2) Columnar epithelial metaplasia

Question 15

What is the characteristic of squamous epithelial metaplasia?

Answer 15

It is more common > columnar epithelial metaplasia

Question 16

What is the cause of presence of squamous epithelial metaplasia?

Answer 16

It is present due to chronic irritation

Question 17

What are the types of chronic irritation that can cause squamous epithelial metaplasia?

Answer 17

1) Mechanical
2) Chemical
3) Infection

Question 18

Provide ex of the principle of squamous epithelial metaplasia

Answer 18

For habitual smokers, the normal columnar epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchi are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells

Question 19

Where can epithelial cell metaplasia be present and what are the conditions / disorders where epithelial cell metaplasia be present?

Answer 19

1) Prostate gland
2) Chronic prostatitis
3) Estrogen therapy

Question 20

What is the principle of columnar epithelial metaplasia?

Answer 20

There are some conditions in w/c there’s a transformation of squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium

Question 21

What are the characteristic of mesenchymal cell metaplasia?

Answer 21

1) It is less often > epithelial cell metaplasia

2) There is a presence of osseus

Question 22

What is osseus?

Answer 22

It is the formation of bone in fibrous tissue, cartilage, and myxoid tissue

Question 23

Provide an ex where mesenchymal cell metaplasia is present

Answer 23

In the arterial wall of old people

Question 24

What are the 4 interrelated cell systems that are vulnerable to injury?

Answer 24

1) Membranes
2) Aerobic respiration
3) Protein synthesis
4) Genetic apparatus

Question 25

*What are the types of membranes (as a cell system that is vulnerable to injury)?

Answer 25

1) Cellular | 2) Organellar

Question 26

What is the result if the cell is not able to adapt?

Answer 26

It will lead to cell injury

Question 27

What are the common causes of cell injury?

Answer 27

1) Hypoxia 2) Physical and chemical agents 3) Nutritional deficiency / nutritional imbalances 4) Infections and immunologic causes 5) Iatrogenic causes 6) Genetics

Question 28

What is the cause of hypoxia?

Answer 28

Reduced blood flow (ischemia)

Question 29

What are present in the case of hypoxia?

Answer 29

1) Inadequate oxygenation of blood | 2) Decrease O2 carrying capacity (anemia)

Question 30

What are the infections and immunologic causes (w/c are common causes of cell injury)?

Answer 30

1) Hypersensitivity rxns 2) Autoimmune rxns 3) Immune deficiency

Question 31

Provide an ex of iatrogenic cause (as a common cause of cell injury)?

Answer 31

Accidental ingestion of drugs

Question 32

What are the genetic causes (w/c are common causes of cell injury)?

Answer 32

1) Inborn errors in metabolism | 2) Gross malformations

Question 33

What are idiopathic diseases?

Answer 33

These are diseases where the cause is not known

Question 34

What are the basic principles of pathogenesis that remain the same?

Answer 34

1) Nature of injury 2) Duration of injury 3) Severity of the injured cell 4) Type of cell state 5) Adaptability of the injured cell

Question 35

*The basic principles of pathogenesis w/c remains the same results from what?

Answer 35

These results from various biochemical mechanism acting on several components within the cell

Question 36

Provide an ex / rationale of pathogenesis

Answer 36

Ischemia (w/c causes hypoxia) is present -> oxidative phosphorylation is decreased -> ATP lvls are decreased 3 results of decreased ATP lvls: 1) Decrease in NA^+ pump -> increase in influx of Ca^2+, H2O, and Na^+ -> increase in efflux of K^+ -> resulting to the swelling of ER and cell, loss of microvilli, and bleb formation 2) Increase anaerobic glycolysis -> 2.1) decrease in glycogen, 2.2) increase in lactic acid, and 3) decrease in pH -> resulting to clumping of nuclear chromatin 3) Detachment of ribosomes is present -> decrease protein synthesis -> resulting to lipid disposition

Question 37

What are the types of cell injury?

Answer 37

1) Reversible | 2) Irreversible

Question 38

What is the principle of reversible cell injury?

Answer 38

If the injury (cell / tissue) can regain homeostasis and return to its morphologically and functionally normal state

Question 39

What is the principle of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 39

It the injury (cell / tissue) can't be brought back to its normal lvl, even if the cell injury stimulus is removed

Question 40

What is the result if irreversible cell injury is present?

Answer 40

It results to cell death