Inflammation and Repair (P) Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
What is inflammation?
A
1) It refers to the body’s process of fighting against things that harm it (ex. infections, injuries, and toxins in attempt to heal itself)
2) It is the local response of a living tissue vascularized to any injurious agent
2
Q
What are the characteristics of inflammation?
A
1) It is non-specific
2) It usually promotes healing
3
Q
What are the types of inflammation?
A
1) Acute inflammation
2) Chronic inflammation
4
Q
Answer the ff questions in connection w/ acute inflammation:
1) When is its onset?
2) What are the cells involved?
3) What are the characteristics of tissue injury?
4) What are the signs (local & systemic)?
A
1) Rapid (mins / hrs)
2) PMNs / neutrophils
3) Mild and self-limited
4) Very prominent
5
Q
Answer the ff questions in connection w/ chronic inflammation:
1) When is its onset?
2) What are the cells involved?
3) What are the characteristics of tissue injury?
4) What are the signs (local & systemic)?
A
1) Slow (days)
2) Lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages
3) Severe and progressive in nature
4) Less prominent
6
Q
What is the Latin word where the word inflammation is derived from?
A
Inflammare
7
Q
What is the meaning of inflammare?
A
To set on fire
8
Q
Who is Celsus?
A
He is a roman writer in the 1st century A.D.
9
Q
What is the contribution of Celsus?
A
He listed the 4 signs of inflammation
10
Q
What did Celsus said?
A
“Rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore”
11
Q
What are the 4 signs of inflammation listed by Celsus?
A
1) Rubor
2) Tumor
3) Calor
4) Dolor
12
Q
What is the meaning of rubor?
A
Redness
13
Q
What is the meaning of tumor?
A
Swelling
14
Q
What is the meaning of calor?
A
Heat
15
Q
What is the meaning of dolor?
A
Pain
16
Q
What is the 5th sign of inflammation?
A
Functio leasa / loss of fxn
17
Q
The 5th sign of inflammation is added by whom?
A
Rudolf Virchow
18
Q
When did Virchow added the 5th sign of inflammation?
A
19th century
19
Q
What is the nationality and profession of John Hunter?
A
He is a Scottish surgeon
20
Q
What did Hunter said?
A
“Inflammation is not a disease but just a response”
21
Q
When did Hunter said that “Inflammation is not a disease but just a response”?
A
1793
22
Q
What is the nationality and profession of Elie Metchinkoff?
A
He is a Russian zoologist
23
Q
What is the contribution of Metchinkoff?
A
He discovered the process of phagocytosis
24
Q
When did Metchinkoff discovered the process of phagocytosis?
A
1880s
25
What is acute inflammation?
It is the rapid onset and occurs in a short duration w/c usually lasts for a few hrs / few days
26
What are the microscopic features of acute inflammation?
1) Protein
| 2) Fluid rich exudate
27
What are the 4 major purposes of acute inflammation?
1) Eliminate the injurious agent
2) To prevent the spread of the injurious agent
3) To remove necrotic cells and tissues
4) Initiate the repairing process
28
What are the hallmarks of acute inflammation?
1) Redness
2) Pain
3) Swelling
4) Warmth
29
What are the 2 events that comprises acute inflammation?
1) Vascular events
| 2) Cellular events
30
Where do vascular events occur?
1) Blood vessels
| 2) Lymphatics
31
What are the 2 phases in vascular events of blood vessels?
1) Increase in blood flow at the site of inflammation
| 2) Increase in vascular permeability
32
Cellular events are generated by what?
Leukocytes
33
What are the 3 steps that comprises cellular events?
1) Recruitment of the leukocytes to the site of inflammation from blood
2) Recognition of the offending agent
3) Removal of the offending agent
34
What are the 3 steps of the step of recruitment of the leukocytes to the site of inflammation from blood?
1) Adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium
2) Transmigration (diapedesis) of leukocytes into the interstitium
3) Chemotaxis of leukocytes towards the site of inflammation in the interstitial fluid
35
What must be done in the step of recognition of the offending agent?
Leukocytes must be activated
36
What are the receptors that are present for the step of recognition of the offending agent?
1) Toll-like receptors
2) GPCR
3) Bacterial products
4) Receptors for opsonins
5) Receptors for cytokines
37
What are the fxns of toll-like receptors?
These recognizes:
1) Bacterial lipopolysaccharides
2) Bacterial proteoglycans
3) dsRNA (viruses)
38
What are the fxns of GPCR?
It recognizes:
1) Prostaglandins
2) PLT activating factors
3) Leukotriens
39
What is the ex of bacterial products (w/c acts as receptor)?
Bacterial peptides
40
What is the fxn of receptors for opsonins?
These recognize protein w/c *cope microbes (Abs, complement proteins, and lectins)
41
What are the exs of receptors for cytokines?
1) Microbes
| 2) IFN-gamma
42
What are the ways / processes of removing the offending agent?
1) Phagocytosis
| 2) Intracellular killing
43
True or False
Leukocytes have several types of receptors to engulf the offending agent
True
44
What are the types of receptors that the leukocytes have w/c aids / serves to engulf the offending agent?
1) Mannose receptors
2) Scavengers receptor
3) Receptors for opsonin
45
When the injurious agent is removed, what should be done to the acute inflammatory response?
The acute inflammatory response should terminate
46
True or False
There are no factors that contribute to cease the inflammatory response (in acute inflammation)
False, because there are several factors that contribute to cease the inflammatory response (in acute inflammation)
47
In acute inflammation, when the offending agent is eliminated, what happens to the stimulus for acute inflammation?
The stimulus for acute inflammation no longer persist
48
True or False
The mediators of acute inflammation have long half lives
False, because the mediators of acute inflammation have short half lives
49
What is the lifespan of neutrophil after leaving the circulation?
Neutrophil live a short duration
50
*What are the concepts that happen (in connection to mediators of acute inflammation)?
1) Switch of pro inflammatory leukotriens into anti inflammatory lipoxins
2) Liberation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF and IL-10)
3) Production of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators (protectins)
4) Presence of neural impulses
51
What are the characteristics of exudate?
1) It is present due to increase vascular permeability
2) It has a high protein content
3) It has a high neutrophil content and it is rich in cellular debris
4) It has a high SG
5) It clinically causes as non-pitting edema
52
What are the characteristics of transudate?
1) It is present due to an imbalance of the hydrostatic and osmotic forces bet the vessels in the interstitial fluid
2) It has a low protein content
3) It has little / no cellular mat at all
4) It has a low SG
5) It is clinically expressed as pitting edema
53
What is chronic inflammation?
It is a type of inflammation of prolonged duration often for mos, yrs, or even indefinitely
54
The prolonged course of chronic inflammation is proved by what?
By persistence of the causative agent in the tissues
55
In chronic inflammation, often the persistent inflammatory changes are combined w/ what?
Combined w/ attempts at healing
56
What are the 2 major characteristics of chronic inflammation?
1) Ongoing tissue destruction is present
| * 2) Attempts at repair by fibrosis (w/ or w/out regeneration of the cell depends on the tissue involved)
57
What is the other characteristic of chronic inflammation?
1) It may develop soon after an acute inflammatory response
| 2) It may be insidious in onset
58
*What are the causes of chronic inflammation?
1) Persistent in infections
2) Persistent in indigestible mat
3) Immune mediated rxns
4) Following an acute inflammatory response
5) Repeated episodes of acute inflammation
59
What are the principles of persistent in infections (as a cause of chronic inflammation)?
1) Some organisms may be difficult to be eradicated from our body
2) They may persist within cells or tissues for a longer period of time
60
What are the exs infections that are persistent?
1) MTB w/c causes TB
2) Mycobacterium leprae w/c causes leprosy
3) Treponema pallidum w/c causes syphilis
61
*What are the 2 types of the cause of chronic inflammation w/c is persistent in indigestible mat?
1) Endogenous
| 2) Exogenous
62
What are the exs of endogenous mats (w/c are persistent in indigestible mat)?
1) Necrotic bone
2) Adipose tissue
3) Calcium
4) Uric deposits
63
What are the exs of exogenous mats (w/c are persistent in indigestible mat)?
1) Silica
2) Asbestos fibers
3) Suture mat
64
*What are the exs of immune mediated rxns (as a cause of chronic inflammation)?
1) Autoimmune rxns
2) Organ transplant rejections
3) Unregulated immune responses against a particular organism
4) Hypersensitivity rxns
65
What is the principle of autoimmune rxns?
It is where an immune response that occur is against our own body Ags
66
What are the exs of autoimmune disorders that causes autoimmune rxns?
1) RA
2) SLE
3) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
4) Chronic autoimmune gastritis
67
What is the principle of organ transplant rejections?
It is where the immune response occur against the Ags of the donor organ
68
*What are the exs of unregulated immune responses against a particular organism?
1) Inflammatory bowel disease
| 2) Ulcerative colitis
69
What principle is present in inflammatory bowel disease?
Unregulated immune response to certain commensal bacteria
70
What are hypersensitivity rxns?
These are inappropriate responses to a generally harmless Ag
71
*What are the exs (conditions / disorders) w/c can cause hypersensitivity rxns?
1) Chronic bronchial asthma
| 2) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
72
What is the type of hypersensitivity rxn present in chronic bronchial asthma and what is the action of this hypersensitivity rxn?
Type 1 hypersensitivity rxn against various inhaled Ags
73
What is the type of hypersensitivity rxn present hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Type 3 hypersensitivity rxn
74
Persistent abscesses are usually formed during what?
Acute inflammation
75
What happens to acute inflammatory abscess if it cannot be drained out either via surgically or spontaneously?
It becomes a chronic abscess
76
Repeated attacks of acute pancreatitis such as in chronic alcohol abusers can cause what?
Development of chronic pancreatitis
77
Repeated attacks of acute cholecystitis such as in pts w/ gallstone disease can develop to what?
Chronic cholecystitis
78
What are the macroscopic features present in chronic inflammation due to tissue destruction includes what?
1) Involvement of an epithelial surface may result in the formation of ulcer
2) Parenchymal tissue chronic inflammation may give rise to cavitatory lesions
3) Formation of chronic abscess
4) Formation of sinus
5) Formation of fistula
79
What are the macroscopic features that are present due to fibrosis in chronic inflammation?
1) In hollow organs, the thickening of the wall such as in chronic gallstone disease
2) Distortion of the organ when fibrous tissue tends to contract due to the presence of myofibroblasts. The main goal of this contraction is to reduce the size of the scar
80
What are the microscopic features that are present in chronic inflammation?
1) Mononuclear cell infiltration can be seen
2) Tissue necrosis
3) Tissue regeneration
4) Granulation and fibrous tissue
5) Granulomatous inflammation (there may be multinucleated giant cells)
81
What is granulomatous inflammation?
It is a special type of chronic inflammation w/c is commonly seen in TB
82
What are the processes in healing?
1) Resolution
2) Regeneration
3) Repair
83
What is resolution?
1) It is the process of the scavenging of dead tissue and foreign mat by macrophages
2) It is a preliminary to regeneration and repair
84
What is regeneration?
It is the replacement of lost and dead tissue by tissue similar in type
85
When do regeneration only occur?
It only occurs when surviving cells of a tissue are capable of cell division
86
What are the exs of tissues that are capable of regeneration?
1) Epithelial surfaces (ex. epidermis of the skin)
2) Blood capillaries
3) Some supporting tissue (ex. bone)
87
What is repair?
It is the replacement of lost and dead tissue by tissue of a diff type, usually fibrous tissue
88
True or False
Healing by repair is inevitable in some tissues when cells are lost (ex. muscle and nerve cells) w/c cannot regenerate
True
89
What is the principle of healing by repair?
After damage to a tissue, there's an acute inflammatory rxn in surrounding liver tissues, w/ formation of blood clot if vessels have been damaged
90
What are the concepts present in healing by repair?
1) Macrophages in the inflammatory exudate scavenge fibrin, dead cells and other mat
2) Newly-formed capillaries grow into the area, accompanied by fibroblasts
3) Fibroblasts do 2 things: they contract, w/c can reduce the extent of the damaged area, and they lay down collagen fibers
4) Finally, most capillaries and cells disappear leaving a mass of collagen (ex. fibrous tissue, or scar)
91
What is the method of healing for the given tissue?
Given tissue: Heart muscle
Repair
92
What is the method of healing for the given tissue?
Given tissue: Bone
Regeneration, sometimes repair
93
What is the method of healing for the given tissue?
Given tissue: Skin
Regeneration of epidermis and repair of dermis
