Cell Adaptations Flashcards
What are some possible effects on cells of disease?
- Cells degenerate
- Cells die
- Cells adapt
- Cells abnormally develop
What are the ways that cells adapt?
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
What are the ways that cells abnormally develop?
- Aplasia
- Hypoplasia
- Dysplasia/ Dystrophy
What is atrophy?
- Smaller than normal
- Due to decrease in size of individual cells
- Initially develop to normal size, then shrinks
What are some causes of atrophy?
- Disuse
- Denervation
- Loss of nutritional/ hormonal stimulation
What is hypertrophy?
- Increased size of tissue or organ
- Increase size of individual cells
- Whole organs or parts of organs
e. g. pregnant uterus, body building. cardiac hypertrophy
What is hypoplasia?
- Incomplete growth - never grew to normal size
- Variable in severity
- Severe: aplasia/ agenesis is complete absence of tissue
- Congenital
e. g. testicular hypoplasia, cerebellar hypoplasia, cleft palate, atresia ani
What is aplasia/ agenesis?
Complete absence of tissue
What is atresia?
Absence of lumen
What do you need to know when diagnosing Testicular Hypoplasia?
Species, age, scale, weight and normal ranges
to determine how severe the problem is
What would make a testicle hypoplastic?
If it never descended into the scrotum
- Remained in the abdomen at higher heat and never grew to normal size
What is hyperplasia?
- Increase in the number of cells
- May increase the entire organ or tissue size or may involve tissue portions
- May co-exist with hypertrophy (increased cell size)
- Use descriptive modifiers i.e. nodular: solid
cystic: one part of organ
What is dysplasia?
- Abnormal Architecture or a tissue or Organ
- Congenital or acquired
What is metaplasia?
- Change from one cell type to another
- Usually as a protective mechanism e.g. squamous metaplasia of bronchiolar epithelium in smokers
What is dystrophy?
- Disorder in structure or function of a tissue
- Same as dysplasia
e. g. muscular dystrophy or osteodystrophy
