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Pathology > General Pathology > Flashcards

General Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lesion?

A

Any abnormality of tissue that can be seen

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2
Q

What does gross mean in terms of lesions?

A

Visible with the naked eye

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3
Q

What are histological lesions?

A

Lesions that can only be seen through a light microscope

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4
Q

What does the term pathognomonic mean?

A

A lesion that is so distinctive of one disease - This means you are able to make an instant diagnosis

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5
Q

What is aetiology?

A

The specific cause of the disease e.g. Trauma, bacteria etc.

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6
Q

What tools can be used as a vet to diagnose a clinical problem?

A
  • Histology - Cytology - Clinical Biochem - Haematology
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7
Q

What is cytology?

A

Smears, Fine needle aspirates, scrapings - Dabbed or scraped onto a glass slide - Helpful only in terms of cells in the lesion itself, not the architecture of the lesion

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8
Q

In basic terms what is disease?

A

A whole lot of cells that are damaged - cluster of damaged cells can be seen as a lesion

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9
Q

Describe the summary of the pathogenesis of disease…

A
  • Damage to cell membranes, organelles or enzymes - Disease - Lesion (gross or histo) - Diagnostic Investigations
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10
Q

How might the aetiology of disease be determined?

A

After all diagnostic tests look at extra tests such as: - Cultures - Immunohistochemistry - Molecular analysis

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11
Q

What is somatic death?

A

Death of the whole body - using somatic in the description is used to distinguish this death from cell degeneration and death

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12
Q

What are post mortem changes?

A

Normal changes that occur in the body after death - cooling - rigor mortis - blood changes - post mortem degeneration -

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13
Q

Describe post mortem cooling changes…

A

There is lots of variation in how long it takes for a body to cool down Depends on: - Initial temperature of the body (i.e. whether body was in fever, hot day etc) - Insulation of the body (i.e. wool and fat) - Ambient temperature (i.e. wind

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14
Q

Describe Rigor Mortis…

A
  • All of the body’s Muscle fibres contract (head -> heart -> diaphragm -> limbs) - occurs as body’s ATP runs out (body usually uses ATP to stay relaxed so as the ATP runs out the body then contracts - Muscle fibres then degenerate - Affected by temperature and body condition - Defined order of events - Bendy, hard, bendy
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15
Q

Describe post mortem blood changes…

A

Hypostatic congestion occurs where blood settles with gravity on the downside of the body - Clotting then occurs, if left long enough in the same position, the blood will also clot with gravity

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16
Q

Why do you have to be careful with hypostatic congestion?

A

On the lungs it can look like pneumonia - if you remember that this does occur as a post mortem change you should be able to avoid this confusion

17
Q

Are there differences in clots that happen when alive vs. dead?

A

Yes - Clots when alive (anti-mortem) are called thombi – Rough and granular looking clots - Clots when dead (post-mortem) are called clots – Smooth, glistening and moulded to shape of blood vessel clot

18
Q

What are some post mortem degeneration changes…

A
  • Autolysis - Putrefaction - Rate of decay
19
Q

What is autolysis?

A

A post mortem degeneration change - Self- dissolving - Own bodies enzymes start to dissolve own body

20
Q

What is putrefaction?

A

A post mortem degeneration change - Bacteria - Enzymes from bacteria start to dissolve cells and organs - The bacteria can come from ourselves or from the environment

21
Q

What is the rate of decay?

A

A post mortem degeneration change - Influenced by temperature and the presence of bacteria

22
Q

What post mortem change involving colour can occur with organs that lie alongside each other?

A

Pseudomelanosis - black staining

23
Q

What is pseudonecrosis?

A

Autolysis that happens in patches over an organ

24
Q

What is haemoglobin imbibition?

A

The red staining of tissue due to leaching of hemoglobin from autolysed RBCs and blood vessels after death

25
Q

What is bile imbibition?

A

The staining of tissues with bile (green-yellow-brown) due to leaching from the bile ducts and gall bladder after death

26
Q

What is lividity?

A

???

27
Q

What is often mistaken for antemortem bloat?

A

Post mortem the body has no defense against bacteria. They produce gas inside the animal that can’t escape so it looks like the animal has died of bloat

28
Q

What is this?

A

A liver with pseudomelanosis

29
Q

What is this?

A

A liver with pseudonecrosis

30
Q

What is this?

A

Haemoglobin Imbibition

31
Q

What is this?

A

Bile imbibition

32
Q

What is this?

A

Lividity (hypostasis)

33
Q

What is this clot?

A

An antemortem thrombus

34
Q

What is this clot?

A

A post mortem Clot

Smooth

Glistening

Along side blood vessel

Pathology (12 decks)

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