Cell Bio Exam 2

Question 0

What is an exergonic reaction?

Answer 0

A reaction that ends with a net release of energy

Question 1

What is an endergonic reaction?

Answer 1

A rx that requires a net energy input to proceed

Question 2

What are the three key players in a chemical reaction

Answer 2

Reaction, reactant and product

Question 3

What is the role of etc?

Answer 3

Consists of enzymes and other molecules that accept or give up electrons one after another, at a cell membrane

Question 4

In the etc: electrons enter at _____ energy level ➡️ leave cycle with ______ energy level

Answer 4

High

Low

Question 5

In terms of etc: what is the role of coenzymes in etc?

Answer 5

They deliver electrons to etc in photosynthesis and aerobic respiration

Question 6

Energy released during the etc cycle does what?

Answer 6

Drives the synthesis of ATP

Question 7

What are enzymes?

Answer 7

Proteins, one specific substrate, metabolic catalyst

Question 8

What is a substrate?

Answer 8

The specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

Question 9

What is an active site?

Answer 9

Location on enzyme molecule where substrates bind and reaction proceeds

Question 10

What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis ?

Answer 10

Co2+h20+sunlight ➡️ c6h12o2 + o2 + h2o

Question 11

What happens in light dependent reactions ?

Answer 11

Light energy is transferred to ATP and nadph.

Water molecules split and release o2

Question 12

Where do light dependent reactions occur?

Answer 12

In thylakoids

Question 13

What happens in a light independent reaction?

Answer 13

ATP and nadph (from previous stage) is used to convert co2 to glucose and then to sucrose, starch and cellulose.

Question 14

Where do light independent reactions occur?

Answer 14

Occur in stroma

Question 15

What is the role of pigment in photosynthesis?

Answer 15

The pigment captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis

Question 16

Who uses the anaerobic metabolic pathway?

Answer 16

Prokaryotes, Protists and muscle cells

Question 17

Who uses the aerobic metabolic pathway?

Answer 17

Eukaryotic cells

Question 18

What are the two mitochondrial membranes?

Answer 18

Outer and inner

Question 19

What is it called to be between two mitochondrial membranes?

Answer 19

Outer compartment

Question 20

Where does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place?

Answer 20

The inner compartment

Question 21

What are the two steps that glycolysis is divided into?

Answer 21

ATP requiring steps and ATP generating steps

Question 22

What does the ATP requiring step of glycolysis involve?

Answer 22

phosphorylation

Question 23

What does the ATP generating step of glycolysis involve?

Answer 23

1 fructose and 6 bisphosphate is cleaved into 2 pyruvates

Question 24

What is the net result for glycolysis?

Answer 24

2 net ATP 2 Nadh 2 pyruvates

Question 25

Describe what happens in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 25

Break down 1 acetyl coA into 2 co2 3 Nadh and 1 fadh2 are formed 2 ATP is formed and regenerates acetyl coA

Question 26

Where does electron transfer happen?

Answer 26

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 27

What happens in the electron transfer phosphorylation?

Answer 27

Attaches phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 28

How many net ATP does glycolysis yield?

Answer 28

2 ATP

Question 29

How many net ATP does Krebs cycle yield?

Answer 29

2 ATP

Question 30

How many net ATP does the electron transfer yield?

Answer 30

32 ATP

Question 31

What are the two fermentation pathways?

Answer 31

Alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation

Question 32

What happens in alcoholic fermentation?

Answer 32

Pyruvates is split into acetaldehyde and co2. Acetaldehyde receives electrons and hydrogen from Nadh, forming nad+ and ethanol

Question 33

What happens in lactate fermentation?

Answer 33

Pyruvate receives electrons and hydrogen from Nadh, forming nad+ and lactate

Question 34

How are fats used for energy?

Answer 34

Enzymes cleave fats into glycerol and fatty acids when glucose levels fall

Question 35

What metabolic cycle does glycerol enter once cleaved from fat?

Answer 35

Glycolysis

Question 36

What metabolic cycle do fatty acids enter once cleaved from fat?

Answer 36

Krebs cycle

Question 37

How are proteins used for energy?

Answer 37

Enzymes split dietary proteins into amino acids which enter the bloodstream and are used to build proteins or other molecules

Question 38

What is mitosis?

Answer 38

Growth and replacement of dead or worn out cells, tissue repair

Question 39

Where does mitosis occur ?

Answer 39

Somatic cells

Question 40

What is meiosis?

Answer 40

The formation of gametes

Question 41

Where does meiosis occur?

Answer 41

Germ cells

Question 42

Describe the g1 phase of interphase:

Answer 42

Uncondensed, no sister

Question 43

Describe the s phase from interphase:

Answer 43

Uncondensed but duplicated

Question 44

Describe the g2 phase from interphase:

Answer 44

Condensed and duplicated

Question 45

Describe prophase

Answer 45

Condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles

Question 46

Describe metaphase:

Answer 46

Chromosomes align between poles, chromosomes condensed

Question 47

Describe anaphase

Answer 47

Sister chromatids seperate to opposite poles, each chromatid is now a seperate chromosome

Question 48

Describe telophase

Answer 48

Chromosomes decondense. Nuclear envelope reforms around 2 clusters of chromosomes

Question 49

Describe cytokinesis in plants

Answer 49

Cell plate formation, cellulose accumulates, thickens, forms a wall

Question 50

Describe cytokinesis in animals

Answer 50

Cleavage furrow formation ➡️ cytoplasm pinches in two

Question 51

What are the 5 functions of a cell membrane?

Answer 51

Semipermeable Helps vesicles form Separates contents of cell from surroundings Controls in/out movement through protein channels Interacts with outside environment

Question 52

What is a passive transporter?

Answer 52

Allow small molecules through a membrane

Question 53

What is the function of an active transporter?

Answer 53

goes against a concentration gradient, requires ATP

Question 54

What is the function of a receptor?

Answer 54

Initiate change in cells activity by responding to an outside signal

Question 55

What is the function of a cell adhesion molecule?

Answer 55

Helps cell stick to one another

Question 56

What is the function of recognition proteins?

Answer 56

Identify cells as self

Question 57

What is the function of an enzyme?

Answer 57

Speed up rx

Question 58

What is a concentration gradient and from what to what do molecules move to?

Answer 58

Difference in concentration between two adjacent regions. Moves from high ➡️ low

Question 59

What is diffusion?

Answer 59

A substance diffuses across a lipid bilayer

Question 60

What is endocytosis

Answer 60

Vesicle movement brings substances in bulk into the cell

Question 61

What is exocytosis

Answer 61

Vesicle movement ejects substances in bulk from cell

Question 62

What is osmosis?

Answer 62

High water potential ➡️ low water potential

Question 63

What does isotonic mean?

Answer 63

Same concentration inside and outside

Question 64

What does hypertonic mean?

Answer 64

More concentration outside cell

Question 65

What does hypotonic mean?

Answer 65

More concentration inside cell