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Cell Biology > Pp. Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Pp. Ch. 3 Flashcards

0
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils formed by a chemical hydrogenation process. Double bond

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1
Q

What do trans fats do to the body?

A

Raise levels of cholesterol in our blood and directly alter blood vessel function

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2
Q

Bonds can be both…

A

Cis or trans

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3
Q

What molecules are considered organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids , proteins and Nucleic acids

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4
Q

Give four properties of organic molecules

A
  1. Always contain c and h
  2. Always covalently bonded
  3. May be quite large
  4. Often associated with living organisms
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5
Q

Give four properties of inorganic molecules

A
  1. Usually contain metals and non metals
  2. Usually ionic bonds
  3. Relatively smaller
  4. Often associated with non living organisms
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6
Q

What are carbon ring structures represented as and what do they imply?

A

Represented as polygons and carbon atoms are implied

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7
Q

Describe the hydroxyl group

A

Polar
Found in alcohols
Found in sugars and amino acids

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8
Q

Describe the methyl group

A

Nonpolar

Found mainly in fatty acids

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9
Q

Describe the carbonyl group

A

Found in sugars, amino acids and nucleotide bases

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10
Q

Describe the carboxyl group

A

Found in amino acids and fatty acids
Highly polar
Has ability to donate h+ hence acid

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11
Q

Describe the amine group

A

Found in amino acids

Gives organic molecule ability to absorb h+ hence weak base

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12
Q

Describe the phosphate group

A

Found in ATP, phospholipids, DNA, RNA

Water soluble

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13
Q

Describe sulfhydryl group

A

Sulphur is highly electronegative

Strong factor in giving shape by forming disulfide bridges

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14
Q

What does the metabolism require?

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

What are the five categories of reactions

A
  1. Functional group transfer
  2. Electron transfer
  3. Rearrangement
  4. Condensation
  5. Cleavage
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16
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

A carbonyl functional group
Several hydroxyl groups
Many c-h bonds

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17
Q

What are the four types of carbohydrates in living systems?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

18
Q

What is a monosaccharide called if it has 3 carbons?

A

Trioses :

Ex. Glyceraldehyde

19
Q

What are monosaccharides called if they have 5 carbons?

A

Pentoses:

Ex. Deoxyribose, ribose

20
Q

What are monosaccharides called if they have 6 carbons?

A

Hexoses

Ex. Glucose, galactose, fructose

21
Q

What disaccharide is formed when glucose is bonded with fructose?

22
Q

What disaccharide is created when glucose is bonded with glucose?

23
Q

What disaccharide is formed when glucose is bonded with galactose?

24
What are the four most common polysaccharides?
Cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin
25
What is cellulose used for?
In plant cell walls
26
What is chitin used for?
Nitrogen containing groups attached to glucose monomers in insects and fungal cell walls
27
What is a peptidoglycan used for?
Forms a mesh like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria, forming the cell wall
28
What is starch used for?
In plants, branched chains
29
What is glycogen used for?
In animals is stored in muscle and liver cells
30
Describe saturated fatty acids
No double bonds between carbons and is saturated with hydrogen atoms
31
Describe both types of unsaturated fatty acids
Some double bonds in carbon chain Monounsaturated: one double bond Polyunsaturated: more than one
32
What is eater linkage?
The connection between a head and a fatty acid tail
33
What does amphipathic mean?
Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
34
What is a polypeptide?
Chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds in a condensation reaction between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid
35
List the four levels of protein structure
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
36
What is a primary structure (protein)
Unique amino acid sequence of a protein
37
What is a secondary structure ?(protein)
The polypeptide chain folds and forms hydrogen bonds between amino acids
38
What is a tertiary structure (protein)?
Secondary structure is compacted into structurally stable units called domains Forms a functional protein
39
Describe a quaternary structure(protein)?
Some proteins consist of two or more folded polypeptide Chains in close association
40
What are prion diseases caused by?
Caused by misfiled proteins
41
What do nucleotides consist of?
One or more phosphate groups A pentose sugar A nitrogenous base
42
In DNA a,t,c,g pairs with what?
A with T | G with C

Cell Biology (13 decks)

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