Cell Bio Terms Final Exam Flashcards by sara sunflower

What does sexual reproduction do that doesn’t happen in asexual reproduction ?

Introduces a variation in the combinations of traits among offspring

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What does asexual reproduction produce

Genetically identical copies of a parent

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What are genes

Regions in an organisms DNA that encode information about heritable traits

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What are alleles?

Different forms of the same gene

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What is meiosis

A cytoplasmic division (sexual reproduction)

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What does meiosis result in

4 haploid cells

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What is a zygote

First cell of a new individual

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What happens in meiosis 1

Homologous chromosomes separate

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What happens in meiosis 2

Sister chromatid separate

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What is the key stage of meiosis 1 and what happens in it

Prophase 1. Synapsis (homologous chromosomes) to form tetrads and pairing at chiasmata. Crossing over.

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What is the name of the process of sperm creation

Spermatogenesis

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What is the name of the process of egg creation (females)

Oogenesis

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What is the result of Spermatogenesis

4 haploid spermatids are formed

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What is the result of oogenesis

1 haploid ovum and 3 haploid polar bodies

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Describe how sperm are formed

Diploid male sex cell ➡️ (meiosis 1 and cytoplasmic division) primary spermatocyte [diploid] ➡️ (meiosis 2) secondary spermatocytes [haploid] ➡️(cytoplasmic division) spermatids [haploid] ➡️ 4 sperm

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Describe how ovum are formed

Oogonium (female sex cell) [diploid] ➡️ (meiosis and cytoplasmic division) primary oocyte [diploid] ➡️ (meiosis 2) first polar body [haploid] and secondary oocyte [haploid] ➡️ three polar bodies [haploid] and one ovum [haploid]

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What is fertilization

The fusion of two haploid gametes to result in a diploid zygote

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Where does mitosis occur

Somatic cells

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Where does meiosis occur

Germ line cells

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Meiosis takes a cell that’s ________ and makes it _________

Diploid, haploid

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What is a spermatozoan

A mature sperm.

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Describe a spermatozoan

Head with DNA and enzyme cap. Mid piece with mitochondria. Flagellum for movement.

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Who did the pea plant experiment

Gregor Mendel

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Describe why the garden pea was a good model for genetics studies

True breeding
Both self and cross fertilization possible
Short generation time
Easy to work with

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What is a mutation

A permanent change in a gene

What is a true breeding lineage

Offspring inherit identical alleles for a trait

What is a hybrid

Has non identical alleles for a trait

What does heterozygous mean

Non indentical alleles of a gene

What does homozygous mean

Identical alleles of a gene

What does a dominant allele do ?

Masks the effect of a recessive allele paired with it

Capital letters signify what

Homozygous dominant

Lower case letters signify what

Homozygous recessive

What is a gene called if it is Aa

Heterozygous

What is gene expression

The process by which information in a gene is converted to a structural or functional part of a cell or body

What is a genotype

Particular alleles an individual carries ie. Ww

What's a phenotype?

An individual's observable traits | Ie. widows peak

What does P stand for

Parents

What does F stand for

Filial (offspring)

What does F1 stand for

First generation offspring of parents

What does F2 stand for

Second generation offspring of parents

What are monohybrid experiments

Crosses that check for a dominance relationship between two alleles at a single locus

What is a locus

A location

Give an example of a cross between homozygous individuals

AA x aa

Give an example of a cross between heterozygous individuals

Aa x Aa

What is probability

A measure of the chance that a particular outcome will occur

What is a Punnett square

A grid used to calculate the probability of genotypes and phenotypes in offspring

What is Mendels law of segregation

Two genes of each pair seperate during meiosis and end up in different gametes

What is a test cross

A method of determining if an individual is heterozygous or homozygous dominate

How do you perform a test cross

Individual of an unknown genotype is crossed with one that is homozygous recessive Ie. AA x aa or Aa x aa

How many traits do dihybrid experiments involve

What is a dihybrid experiments

Tests for dominance relationships between alleles at two loci

What is Mendels law of independent assortment

Many genes are sorted into gametes independently of other genes

What is an incomplete dominance

Intermediate phenotype (what you see ) ie. red + white = pink

What is codominance

Two non identical alleles of a gene are both fully expressed in heterozygotes so neither is dominant or recessive Ie. abo blood group system

What is pleiotropy

One gene product influences two or more traits

What is continuos variation

Traits with a range of small differences

What is a bell curve

When continuos phenotypes are divided into measurable categories and plotted as a bar chart, they form a bell shaped curve

What sex chromosomes do males have

What sex chromosomes do females have

What are autosomes

Chromosomes that are the same in makes and females

What is a karyotype

Micrograph of all metaphase chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs by size, shape and length

What stops dividing cells at metaphase

Colchicine

Can a dominant autosomal allele be expressed in homozygotes and heterozygotes

Yes

What is progeria

Genetic disorder that results in accelerated aging

What are some x linked recessive disorders

Hemophilia, red-green color blindness and duchenne muscular dystrophy

What are the 4 types of chromosomes structural changes

Duplication Inversion Translocation Deletion

What is aneuploidy

Too many or too few copies of one chromosome

What is polyploidy

Three or more copies of each chromosome

What is nondisjunction

When a pair of chromosomes fails to seperate properly during mitosis or meiosis

What is monosomy

N-1 gamete

What is trisomy

N + 1 gamete

What is trisomy 21

Down syndrome

What is a pedigree

A standardized chart of genetic connections

What are the three types of inheritance

Autosomal recessive Autosomal dominant X- linked recessive inheritance

In autosomal recessive does the trait skip a generation

Typically

What is autosomal dominant

Trait appears in every generation. Allele is expressed even in heterozygotes

In an x linked recessive who is the carrier

Females

In x linked recessive can a son inherit recessive alleles from his father

No but a daughter can

What is genetic counseling

Information collected is used to predict the probability of having a child with a genetic disorder

What is genetic screening

Widespread routine testing for alleles associated with genetic disorders

Cell Bio Terms Final Exam Flashcards

(80 cards)