Cell Biology And Microscopy

Question 1

What are cells?

Answer 1

The smallest unit of life that can replicate independently.

Question 2

What does the cell membrane do?

Answer 2

Controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell.

Question 3

What does the Nucleus do?

Answer 3

It contains genetic material/DNA and controls the cells activity.

Question 4

What does the Cytoplasm do?

Answer 4

Where chemical reactions take place.

Question 5

What does the mitochondria do?

Answer 5

Provides cells with the energy they need to function.

Question 6

What does the ribosome do?

Answer 6

Site of protein synthesis.

Question 7

What is the Cell wall made out of and what does it do?

Answer 7

Cellulose, helps strengthen and provides structure to the cell. If there was too much water, it would burst if there wasn’t the cell wall.

Question 8

What does the permanent vacuole do?

Answer 8

Contains cell sap, which is a mixture of sugars, salt, and water.

Question 9

What does the chloroplast do?

Answer 9

Photosynthesis, also contains chlorophyll which absorbs the light energy needed for photosynthesis.

Question 10

Eukaryotic cells are

Answer 10

Plant and animal cells.

Question 11

Prokaryotic cells are

Answer 11

Bacteria cells

Question 12

Which 3 sub cellular structures do plant cells have which animal cells don’t?

Answer 12

• Cell wall
• Chloroplast
• Permanent vacuole

Question 13

Instead of having a nucleus, bacteria cells have

Answer 13

A singular circular strand of DNA which contains all the genes they need to survive and reproduce.

Question 14

Plasmids which are found in bacteria cells are

Answer 14

Extra genes, which provide antibiotic resistance.

Question 15

The flagella’s function

Answer 15

Propels the bacteria cell.

Question 16

Bacteria cells will never have

Answer 16

• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Nucleus

Question 17

Which is bigger, plant and animal cells or bacteria cells?

Answer 17

Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic)

Question 18

Does the eyepiece lens have a fixed or different magnification?

Answer 18

Fixed

Question 19

Does the objective lens have a fixed or different magnification?

Answer 19

Different

Question 20

Object definition (microscopy)

Answer 20

The real object or sample that you’re looking at eg onion cells

Question 21

Image definition

Answer 21

The image that we see when we look down the microscope

Question 22

How does a microscope work?

Answer 22

• Light hits the mirror
• Reflected upwards through the object we want to look at eg onion cell
• Passes through one of the objective lens
• Passes through the eyepiece lens
• Into our eye
• The lenses spread out the light rays, image is far large then the object

Question 23

Definition of magnification

Answer 23

How many times larger the image is then the object

Question 24

Equation for Magnification

Answer 24

Size of the image / size of the real object

Question 25

Resolution definition

Answer 25

Shortest distance between two points on an object, that can still be distinguished as two separate entities. - A measure of how detailed the image is.

Question 26

What are the advantages of a light microscope?

Answer 26

- Easy to use - Relatively cheap

Question 27

What is the maximum resolution of light microscopes?

Answer 27

0.2 micrometers, therefore not good enough to study sub cellular structures.

Question 28

What are the advantages of an electron microscope?

Answer 28

Higher resolution, maximum resolution 0.1 nanometers

Question 29

What are the disadvantages of an electron microscope?

Answer 29

- Very expensive - Hard to use

Question 30

The order of levels of size for cells etc is (smallest to largest)

Answer 30

Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ systems -> Organisms

Question 31

When combined, multiple organelles will form a

Answer 31

Cell

Question 32

Different types of cells are called

Answer 32

Specialised cells, eg muscle cells, epithelial cells, glandular cells

Question 33

Tissues are

Answer 33

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function. Etc a group of muscle cells would form muscle tissue.

Question 34

An organ is

Answer 34

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function.

Question 35

An organ system is

Answer 35

A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function

Question 36

The organism is formed out of

Answer 36

Multiple organ systems working together to form the organism