CELL COMPONENTS

Question 1

Made of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

TRUE OR FALSE: Carbohydrates are for energy and sustain structural support

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 3

Primary source of energy.

Structural components in plants (cellulose) and animals (chitin).

Question 4

This is used in cellular respiration to produce ATP (energy).

Answer 4

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

Question 5

This is made out of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Answer 5

Proteins

Question 6

What is the function of proteins?

Answer 6

Structural roles (e.g., collagen in connective tissues).

Enzymatic activity (speeding up chemical reactions).

Cell signaling (hormones like insulin).

Question 7

Give an example of proteins and define it

Answer 7

Found in red blood cells; transports oxygen in the blood.

Question 8

It is composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, making it hydrophobic (water-insoluble).

Answer 8

Lipids

Question 9

What is the function of lipids?

Answer 9

Long-term energy storage.

Major component of cell membranes (phospholipids).

Hormone production (steroids like testosterone and estrogen).

Question 10

Give an example of lipids and define it

Answer 10

Phospholipids
Form the bilayer of the cell membrane, providing structure and selective permeability.

Question 11

What can lipids do?

Answer 11

Energy Storage, Cell Membranes, and Signaling

Question 12

what type of biomolecules do Genetic Information & Protein Synthesis

Answer 12

Nucleic acid

Question 13

It is composed of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base).

Answer 13

Nucleic Acids

Question 14

The function of nucleic acid

Answer 14

Functions:
Store and transmit genetic information.

Direct protein synthesis via transcription and translation.

Question 15

Encodes genetic instructions for building proteins.

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

are specialized structures inside the cell that perform distinct biological functions. They are classified into nonmembranous and membranous organelles.

Answer 16

Organelles

Question 17

Lack a Surrounding Membrane

Answer 17

Nonmembranous Organelles

Question 18

Network of protein filaments (microfilaments & microtubules).

Answer 18

Cytoskeleton

Question 19

Cell Shape & Transport

Answer 19

Cytoskeleton

Question 20

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 20

Provides structural support.

Aids in intracellular transport (e.g., moving organelles).

Question 21

Paired cylindrical structures made of microtubules.

Answer 21

Centrioles

Question 22

What is the function of Centrioles

Answer 22

Play a role in mitosis (cell division) and meiosis.

Organize the mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes.

Question 23

The difference between meiosis and mitosis

Answer 23

Mitosis → Creates 2 identical cells (for growth & repair).
Meiosis → Creates 4 unique sex cells (for reproduction).
Mitosis = Cloning 👯‍♂️, Meiosis = Genetic Mixing

Question 24

composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.

Answer 24

Ribosomes

Question 25

What is the function of ribosomes

Answer 25

Synthesizes proteins from amino acids. Found free-floating in cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.

Question 26

Barrel-shaped protein complexes.

Answer 26

Proteasomes

Question 27

The function of Proteasomes

Answer 27

Degrade and recycle damaged or misfolded proteins. Maintain proper protein function within cells.

Question 28

Protein Quality Control

Answer 28

Proteasomes

Question 29

Tiny finger-like projections on the cell surface.

Answer 29

Microvilli

Question 30

Function of Microvilli

Answer 30

Functions: Increase surface area for nutrient absorption. Found in the intestinal lining.

Question 31

Move Fluids & Particles

Answer 31

Cilia

Question 32

Hair-like structures on the cell surface.

Answer 32

Cilia

Question 33

Move mucus and debris out of the airways.

Answer 33

Cilia

Question 34

TRUE OR FALSE: Cilia in the respiratory tract helps clear dust & pathogens.

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

Long, whip-like structures for motility.

Answer 35

Flagella

Question 36

Cell Movement

Answer 36

Flagella

Question 37

TRUE OR FALSE: The sperm cell uses its flagellum to move.

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

These organelles are enclosed by membranes, allowing compartmentalization of cellular functions.

Answer 38

Membranous Organelles

Question 39

Interconnected membranes extend from the nucleus.

Answer 39

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (Synthesis & Transport)

Question 40

What are the types of ER

Answer 40

Types: Rough ER (covered with ribosomes) → Protein synthesis & modification. Smooth ER (lacks ribosomes) → Lipid synthesis & detoxification.

Question 41

Flattened, membrane-bound sacs.

Answer 41

Golgi Apparatus (Protein Packaging & Distribution)

Question 42

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 42

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins & lipids for transport.

Question 43

Membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes

Answer 43

Lysosomes(Waste Disposal & Digestion)

Question 44

What is the function of lysosomes

Answer 44

Break down waste, cellular debris, and pathogens. Play a role in autophagy (self-digestion of old cell components).

Question 45

Membrane-bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes.

Answer 45

Peroxisomes (Detoxification & Fat Metabolism)

Question 46

Function of Peroxisomes

Answer 46

Functions: Detoxify harmful substances like hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Involved in fatty acid metabolism.

Question 47

Double-membraned organelles, often called the "powerhouse of the cell."

Answer 47

Mitochondria(Energy Production)