Intro to Genetics

Question 1

What are Alleles or Allelomorphs?

Answer 1

A pair of contrasting characters or related factors controlling a single trait. Example:

Height – Tall (T) and Dwarf (t)
Color – Red (R) and White (r)

Question 2

What is a Factor or Determiner?

Answer 2

A functional unit of heredity present in gametes (genes) that determines the character of an organism.

Question 3

What are Gametes?

Answer 3

Haploid sex cells formed by the segregation of organisms.

Question 4

What are Parents in genetics?

Answer 4

A diploid individual formed by the fusion of two gametes. Example: TT, Tt, tt.

Question 5

What is a Phenotype?

Answer 5

The external appearance of an individual. Example: Tall, Dwarf, Red, White.

Question 6

What is a Genotype?

Answer 6

The genetic or internal constitution of an organism. Example:

TT – Pure tall
Tt – Hybrid tall
tt – Pure white

Question 7

An organism with identical (similar) determiners or genes (e.g., TT, rr).

Answer 7

Homozygous

Question 8

An organism with dissimilar determiners or genes (e.g., Tt, Rr).

Answer 8

Heterozygous

Question 9

A heterozygous individual formed by parents with contrasting characters (e.g., Tt - Hybrid Tall, Rr - Hybrid Red).

Answer 9

Hybrid

Question 10

The first generation of hybrid individuals obtained by crossing parents with contrasting characters.

Answer 10

F-1 generation or First filial generation

Question 11

The generation resulting from selfing or self-crossing of F-1 hybrids.

Answer 11

F-2 generation or Second filial generation

Question 12

Crossing between closely related individuals.

Answer 12

Inbreeding

Question 13

A homozygous individual formed by parents with identical characters and breeds true to the species for at least three consecutive generations (e.g., TT - Pure Tall, RR - Pure Red, tt - Pure Dwarf, rr - Pure White).

Answer 13

Pure breed

Question 14

The character or allele that is expressed in the F-1 generation (e.g., TT, RR, Tt, Rr).

Answer 14

Dominant

Question 15

The character or allele that is suppressed in the F-1 generation (e.g., tt, rr).

Answer 15

Recessive

Question 16

What is genetics?

Answer 16

The study of inherited traits and their variation. It is a branch of biology that deals with heredity, focusing on hereditary transmission and variations in inherited characteristics among organisms.

Question 17

It includes physical characteristics like freckles and red hair, as well as aspects of health, behavior, and talents. While some traits are purely genetic, others result from genetic and environmental influences.

Answer 17

inherited traits

Question 18

The units of heredity responsible for transmitting inherited traits. They contain biochemical instructions that tell cells how to manufacture certain proteins.

Answer 18

Genes

Question 19

Observable characteristics that are passed from parents to offspring through genetic information.

Answer 19

inherited traits

Question 20

The molecule that carries genetic instructions for growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms.

Answer 20

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Question 21

A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein, influencing an organism’s trait or function.

Answer 21

Gene

Question 22

The process by which genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.

Answer 22

Heredity

Question 23

Coded instructions for making everything the body needs, especially proteins.

Answer 23

Genes

Question 24

Human beings have about 25,000 of these, each carrying information needed for bodily functions.

Answer 24

Genes

Question 25

They hold the information to maintain cells and pass genetic traits to offspring.

Answer 25

Genes

Question 26

What is the long molecule that transmits genetic information?

Answer 26

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 27

What are the four types of nucleotide bases in DNA?

Answer 27

Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

Question 28

What are the base-pairing rules in DNA?

Answer 28

Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G)

Question 29

What does the sequence of DNA bases form?

Answer 29

The genetic code, which determines traits and functions in living organisms.

Question 30

What is a genome?

Answer 30

A genome is the complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism, including all of its genes and regulatory sequences.

Question 31

What does a genome contain?

Answer 31

A genome contains all the instructions needed for growth, development, and functioning.

Question 32

How many DNA base pairs are in the human genome?

Answer 32

The human genome has about 3 billion DNA base pairs.

Question 33

Where is the genome found in a cell?

Answer 33

The genome is found in every cell that has a nucleus.

Question 34

Why do scientists study genomes?

Answer 34

Scientists study genomes to understand genetic diseases, evolution, and traits.

Question 35

The study of ethical issues in biology, medicine, and life sciences. It examines moral questions related to medical research, healthcare, genetics, and biotechnology.

Answer 35

Bioethics

Question 36

Respecting individuals’ rights to make decisions about their bodies and health.

Answer 36

Autonomy

Question 37

Acting in the best interest of patients and research participants.

Answer 37

Beneficence

Question 38

Avoiding harm to individuals or society.

Answer 38

Non-maleficence

Question 39

This is a process in DNA replication wherein each new DNA molecules contain one original strand and one new strand.

Answer 39

Semi-conservative process:

Question 40

It plays a crucial role in adding new nucleotides.

Answer 40

Enzyme DNA

Question 41

The region where two sister chromatids are held together and where spindle fibers attach during cell division.

Answer 41

Centromere:

Question 42

Protective caps at the chromosome ends that prevent DNA degradation.

Answer 42

Telomeres

Question 43

Each half of a duplicated chromosome, which separates during cell division.

Answer 43

Chromatid

Question 44

Produces two identical daughter cells, maintaining the chromosome number.

Answer 44

Mitosis

Question 45

Produces gametes (sperm/egg) with half the chromosome number (haploid).

Answer 45

Meiosis

Question 46

can lead to genetic disorders (e.g., Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21).

Answer 46

Errors in chromosome division

Question 47

What is the basic unit of heredity, made up of DNA, and provides instructions for making proteins?

Answer 47

Genes

Question 48

What is the complete set of genetic information in an organism that stores, propagates, and expresses genetic information, is a major structural component of the cell, and is contained in chromosomes?

Answer 48

Genomes

Question 49

What is the study of the genome that helps researchers understand how genes and the environment interact, and aids in improving health and preventing disease?

Answer 49

Genomics