Intro To Genetics

Question 1

Alleles

Answer 1

Different versions of a gene (e.g., Tall (T) vs. Dwarf (t)).

Question 2

The genetic makeup (e.g., TT, Tt, t

Answer 2

Genotype

Question 3

The physical appearance (e.g., Tall, Dwarf).

Answer 3

Phenotype

Question 4

Identical alleles (TT, rr).

Answer 4

Homozygous (purebred)

Question 5

Heterozygous (hybrid)

Answer 5

Different alleles (Tt, Rr).

Question 6

Expressed in the phenotype (Tt or TT = tall)

Answer 6

Dominant

Question 7

Recessive

Answer 7

Only expressed when both alleles are recessive (tt = dwarf).

Question 8

DNA consists of two strands forming a twisted ladder.

Answer 8

Double Helix Model

Question 9

Nucleotide Components

Answer 9

Sugar-phosphate backbone.
Nitrogenous bases:
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T).
Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).

Question 10

Humans have _____ chromosomes

Answer 10

22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes).
1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX = female, XY = male).

Question 11

Extra/missing chromosomes (e.g., Trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome).

Answer 11

Aneuploidy

Question 12

Loss or gain of chromosome segments.

Answer 12

Deletion/Duplication

Question 13

Law of Segregation

Answer 13

Each parent passes one allele per gene to offspring.

Question 14

Gregor Mendel Law

Answer 14

Laws of Inheritance

Question 15

a law that has Different traits are inherited independently (e.g., height doesn’t affect eye color).

Answer 15

Law of Independent Assortment:

Question 16

a law that has Dominant traits mask recessive ones.

Answer 16

Law of Dominance:

Question 17

DNA → mRNA (messenger RNA)

Answer 17

Transcription

Question 18

mRNA → Protein (via ribosomes and tRNA).

Answer 18

Translation

Question 19

Epigenetics

Answer 19

Environmental factors like diet, stress, and toxins can modify gene activity without changing DNA sequences.

Question 20

Random changes in DNA that can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.

Answer 20

Mutation

Question 21

Mixing of genetic material during sexual reproduction increases variation.

Answer 21

Genetic Recombination

Question 22

Evolutionary Adaptation

Answer 22

Over generations, populations evolve traits suited to their environment.
Example: People living in high-altitude areas develop adaptations for oxygen efficiency.

Question 23

Genetic Testing

Answer 23

Identifies inherited diseases (e.g., BRCA gene for breast cancer).

Question 24

Replacing faulty genes to treat genetic disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis).

Answer 24

Gene Therapy

Question 25

Tailoring treatments based on genetic profiles (e.g., cancer therapy).

Answer 25

Personalized Medicine

Question 26

Used for solving crimes, identifying remains, and paternity testing.

Answer 26

DNA Fingerprinting

Question 27

Crops modified for better yield, pest resistance, and nutrition (e.g., Golden Rice).

Answer 27

GMO

Question 28

Genetic Privacy

Answer 28

Should employers and insurance companies access genetic data?

Question 29

Designer Babies:

Answer 29

Should we edit genes to enhance intelligence or physical traits?

Question 30

Cloning & Stem Cell Research

Answer 30

Should scientists be allowed to clone humans?

Question 31

Genetic Testing & Discrimination:

Answer 31

Could genetic testing lead to stigma and unfair treatment?

Question 32

The Human Genome Project (HGP)

Answer 32

Completed in 2003, the HGP mapped all human genes (~25,000).

Question 33

TRUE OR FALSE: Humans share 99.9% of DNA with each other.

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

TRUE OR FALSE: Only 2-6% of DNA codes for proteins; the rest plays regulatory roles.

Answer 34

FALSE Only 1-2% of DNA codes for proteins; the rest plays regulatory roles.

Question 35

TRUE OR FALSE: HGP helped identify genetic links to disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Advanced research on gene-environment interactions.

Answer 35

TRUE

Question 36

Nature vs. Nurture Debate

Answer 36

How much of personality, intelligence, and behavior is genetic vs. shaped by environment?

Question 37

Studies the genetic basis of mental disorders (e.g., depression, ADHD).

Answer 37

Psychogenetics

Question 38

Epigenetics in Psychology

Answer 38

Stress, trauma, and lifestyle can alter gene expression, affecting mental health.

Question 39

TRUE OR FALSE: Genetics influences everything from physical traits to disease risks and behavior.

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

TRUE OR FALSE: Ethical concerns could be chosen not to be addressed, but if science can have a breakthrough, it can be flexible

Answer 40

FALSE: Ethical concerns must be addressed as genetic technologies advance.