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Biology 12 > Cell Compounds > Flashcards

Cell Compounds Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What property of elements determines the reactivity?

A

Number of electrons

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2
Q

What elements make up 98% of the body weight of organisms?

A

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur

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3
Q

What percent of living matter does water take up?

A

70%

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4
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

92

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5
Q

What is the most functional characteristics of water molecule-hydrogen bonds?

A

Oxygen side is slightly negative

Hydrogen side is slightly positive

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6
Q

What part of a hydrogen bond is negative?

A

oxygen

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7
Q

What part of a hydrogen bond is positive?

A

Hydrogen

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8
Q

What are the properties of water due to?

A

Hydrogen bonding and polarity

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9
Q

What are the properties of water?

A 
Universal solvent 
liquid at room temperature and body temperature
water molecules are cohesive 
High specific heat 
least dense at 4°C
High heat of vaporization
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10
Q

What does water’s high specific heat do?

A

resists change in temperature

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11
Q

What does water’s high heat of vaporization do?

A

keeps body from overheating

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12
Q

What does water dissociate into?

A

Equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-)

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13
Q

What do acids release when disassociating in water?

A

H+

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14
Q

What do bases do when disassociating in water?

A

Release OH- or take up H+

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15
Q

What is dissociation?

A

General process where molecules or ionic compounds separate into smaller particles such as atoms

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16
Q

Base on pH scale

A

0

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17
Q

Acid on pH scale

A

14

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18
Q

What does an acidic solution have

A

more hydrogen ions

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19
Q

What does a basic solution have?

A

More hydroxyl ions

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20
Q

What do Buffers do?

A

Minimize change in pH

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21
Q

What do buffers consist of?

A

Chemical or a group of chemicals

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22
Q

How do Buffers function?

A

By binding excess hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions

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23
Q

What is an organic molecule’s general structure?

A

Contain carbon and hydrogen
Have characteristic functional groups
Composed of monomers
Each has a characteristic monomer

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24
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A molecule that can react with other molecules to very large molecules of polymers

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25
What is polyfunctionality?
The capacity to form chemical bonds to at least two other monomer molecules
26
What is a polymer?
A large molecule made up of chains or rings of monomers
27
What is a macromolecule?
Large molecule containing a large amount of atoms
28
How are macromolecules and polymers different?
Because the small molecules of a macromolecule that connect to the bog chains don't need to be the same
29
How does dehydration synthesis do?
Links monomers together to become a polymer
30
What is formed as a byproduct from a dehydration synthesis?
Water
31
What does hydrolysis do?
Polymer is broken down to monomers
32
What is required for hydrolysis and why?
Water to replace the two hydrogens and oxygen that left in a dehydration synthesis
33
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate?
2:1
34
What is the characteristic atomic grouping of a carbohydrate?
H-C-OH
35
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Principal energy storage fro cells Short term energy storage structural component Cell to cell recognition
36
What do surface antigens do?
To identify and classify a cell (cell to cell recognition)
37
Where are most surface antigens?
plasma membrane
38
What is a monosaccharide
Simple sugar
39
How much sugar does a monosaccharide have?
One unit
40
What is a disaccharide
Two monosaccharides bonded together
41
What kind of sugar is a disaccharide
Simple sugar
42
What is a polysaccharide?
Large polymers of monosaccharides
43
What kind of carbohydrate is a polysaccharide?
Complex carbohydrate
44
What is cellulose
Structural carbohydrate in plants | Type of dietary fiber
45
Is cellulose digestible to humans?
no
46
What is the function of starches and glycogen?
Quick energy storage
47
What are starches?
Long chains of glucose in plant cells
48
What is glycogen?
"Animal starch" | Composed of long chains of glucose in animal cells
49
What are the functions of lipids?
Structural components insulation cushioning of organs hormones
50
Do lipids commonly have poplar or non polar molecules?
non-polar molecules
51
Are non-polar or polar soluble in water?
non-polar
52
Why is fat an ideal energy storage molecule
because it contains more calories of energy per gram
53
What is the usual origin of oil?
Plant origin
54
What state do oils tend to be at room temperature?
liquid
55
What state do fats tend to be at room temperature?
solid
56
What is the usual origin of fats
animal origin
57
What are fats often called? Why?
Triglycerides | Because they are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids
58
What does synthesis of a triglyceride yield?
Three molecules as byproducts
59
Are fats polar or non polar
non polar
60
What does fat do in water
It doesn't dissolve and instead forms globules
61
What do emulsifiers do?
Break down fat globules into smaller droplets
62
How does emulsification work?
They have a non-polar end which attaches to fat and a polar end which interacts with water molecules so that the droplets can disperse
63
What are saturated fatty acids?
Have no double bonds between carbon atoms
64
What state do saturated fatty acids tend to be a room temperature?
solid
65
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
Has at least one double bond between carbons
66
What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
Has multiple double bonds
67
What are phospholipids
attached phosphates
68
What do phospholipids give?
polarity
69
What the parts of a phospholipid?
Have a hydrophilic tail and a hydrophobic tail
70
What are phospholipids an important component of?
membranes
71
What does hydrophilic mean?
Capable of interacting with water
72
What do hydrophilic molecules tend to have?
Polar ground enabling them to readily absorb or dissolve in water as well as in other polar solvents
73
What does hydrophobic mean?
Won't interact with water
74
What are steroids? Why?
lipids | hydrophobic and insoluble in water
75
Why don't steroids resemble lipids?
They have a structure composed of 4 fused rings
76
What is cholesterol?
Steroid
77
What does cholesterol function in?
Membrane structure and hormone synthesis
78
What are the general characteristics of a protein?
Composed of amino acids | contain nitrogen
79
How are proteins different from fats and carbohydrates?
Contain nitrogen
80
What are the functions of a protein?
``` Structural material enzymes transporters antibodies regulators of gene expression ```
81
How many types of amino acids are there?
20
82
What is the structure of an amino acid?
Central carbon atom with a carboxyl group (COOH) and one end and an amino group at the other (NH2)
83
What are amino acids the building blocks of?
Polypeptides | proteins
84
What do all amino acids have?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
85
What is final shape of a protein molecule often critical for?
its function
86
What is a quaternary structure?
Two or more polypeptides linked together
87
What are the nucleic acids
DNA | RNA
88
What does DNA have?
Codes for the order of amino acids needed to make proteins
89
What does RNA function in?
Synthesis of proteins
90
What are nucleotides composed of?
Pentose sugar phosphate nitrogen base
91
What are the characteristics of DNA?
Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogen bases Double stranded molecule
92
What kind of sugar is deoxyribose sugar?
monosaccharide
93
What are deoxyribose sugars derived from?
From the sugar ribose | by loss id oxygen atom
94
What are DNA's nitrogen bases
Cytosine Guanine Adenine Thymine
95
What kind of sugar does RNA have
ribose
96
What are the DNA strands like?
double stranded with base pairing
97
What are the RNA strands like?
Single stranded
98
What are the RNA bases?
Adenine guanine uracil cytosine
99
Does DNA have a helix?
yes
100
Does RNA have a helix?
no
101
What is ATP's function
energy carrier in cells
102
what does ATP stand for
adenosine triphosphate
103
How does adenosine form?
from the combination of ribose with adenine?
104
What are cell functions that ATP is used for?
Synthesis of macromolecules muscle contractions nerve conduction
105
When is ATP reformed?
With input of energy

Biology 12 (9 decks)

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