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Polymers Flashcards

1
Q

What are inorganic molecules?

A

Constitute non-living matter

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2
Q

What do organic molecules always contain?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a particular cluster of atoms that always behave in a certain way

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4
Q

What can attach to carbon chains?

A

functional groups

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5
Q

What kind of hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic: regular hydrocarbon chain (its non polar)
Hydrophilic: one with an attached ionized group (is polar)

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6
Q

What are the molecules of life?

A

Carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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7
Q

What are many molecules of life?

A

Macromolecules

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8
Q

What are the molecules of life that are polymers

A

polysaccharide
protein
nucleic acid

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9
Q

What are the molecules of life that are monomers?

A

monosaccharide
amino acids
nucleotide

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10
Q

What kind of molecule is glucose?

A

carbohydrate

monosaccharide

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11
Q

What does glucose have?

A

H,C,O

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12
Q

What is starch?

A

Carbohydrate polymer that is made up of many glucose monomers

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13
Q

What does starch have?

A

H,C,O

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14
Q

What do amino acids have?

A

H,N,C,O, R group

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15
Q

What are polypeptides also known as

A

proteins

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16
Q

How are proteins structured?

A

polymers of many amino acids and monomers linked together

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17
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

R group, C,H,O,N

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18
Q

How are fats structured?

A

polymers of glycerol and fatty acids

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19
Q

What elements are fats made of?

A

C,H,O

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20
Q

How are nucleic acids structured?

A

polymers of nucleotides

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21
Q

What elements are nucleic acids made of

A

P,O,H,C,N

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22
Q

How are organic polymers built in cells?

A

By dehydration or condensation synthesis

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23
Q

What is released when two monomers bond together?

A

water

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24
Q

What does hydrolysis involve?

A

Breaking of bonds between monomers to release water

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25
What do carbohydrates function as?
Quick and short term energy storage
26
What are carbohydrates characterized by?
presence of the atomic growing H-C-OH
27
What is the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen in a carbohydrate?
1:2
28
What makes a simple sugar a simple sugar?
Low number of carbon molecules (3-7)
29
How many carbon sugar's does pentose have?
5
30
How many carbon sugar's does hexose have?
6
31
What are the 3 main hexoses and what are they associated with?
Fructose (fruit) Galactose (constituent of milk) Glucose (blood sugar)
32
What structure do the main hexoses occur in?
ring structures with molecular formula C6H12O6
33
What is glucose for our bodies?
Immediate source of energy
34
What is glucose a monomer for?
Larger carbohydrates
35
What is condensation synthesis?
chemical process in which 2 molecules are joined together to make a polymer loss of water
36
What is hydrolysis?
Polymer is broken down into monomers by adding water to it
37
What is maltose?
Disaccharide formed by 2 molecules of glucose and bound by a glycoside bond
38
What type of molecule of life is maltose?
Carbohydrate
39
Where is maltose mainly formed?
Digestion of starch
40
What is starch?
storage form of glucose in plant cells
41
What is glycogen?
Storage form of glucose in animal cells
42
What are the 3 main types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccarides
43
What are disaccharide?
2 single sugars joined together
44
What is the main kind of carbohydrate used by the cell to produce energy?
Monosaccharides
45
What is a polysaccharide?
Polymers assembled from many glucose monomers
46
What are the three types of polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, cellulose
47
What organ converts glucose into glycogen
liver
48
What glucose gets stored as glycogen?
excess
49
What helps identify glycogen from starch?
Large numbers of side chains
50
What kind of bonds link glucose molecules together in glycogen?
Ester bonds
51
What is cellulose's main function?
To act as a structural component of plant cell
52
What kind of polymer is cellulose?
glucose polymer
53
Why is cellulose difficult to digest?
linkages between sugars alternate in a way that makes it hard to digest.
54
What are the main functions of carbohydrates?
Fuel for bodies | help cell to cell recognition
55
How do carbohydrates help with cell to cell recognition?
Since carbohydrate molecules (glycolipids and glycoproteins) are embedded in surface of cell membrane
56
What are neutral fats?
fats and oils | triglycerides
57
Why are neutral fats neutral?
they are non-polar molecules | don't dissolve in water
58
What are neutral fats composed of?
Glycerol molecule that are attached to 3 fatty acids that are attached by dehydration synthesis
59
What biological molecule contains the most energy per gram?
neutral fats
60
What are neutral fat's function?
Long term storage of energy insulation protection
61
How to phospholipids differ from neutral fats?
Third fatty acid is replaced by with a phosphate group
62
What is a major component of cell membranes?
phospholipids
63
How does the phosphate group effect phospholipids?
they are negatively charged so they change their behaviour in water
64
What part if of the phospholipid forms the head and tail?
Phosphate group makes hydrophilic head | Fatty acids make hydrophobic tail
65
What is the basis for the formation of cell membranes?
phospholipid bilayer formation
66
What is the phospholipid bilayer formation?
heads face outwards | tails face inwards, towards each other
67
What kind of molecule is a steroid?
lipid
68
What is the skeleton of a steroid composed of?
carbon rings
69
How does one steroid differ from another?
arrangement of atoms in these rings and the groups attached to the skeleton
70
What produce many steroids?
cholesterol precursor in cells
71
Why can steroid hormones move easily?
because they are soluble in the phospholipid bilayer they can come and go when they please.
72
What are the building blocks of protein polymers?
amino acids
73
How many amino acids are used to create proteins?
20
74
What are the 4 types of protein structure?
Primary structure secondary structure Tertiary structure quaternary structure
75
What is the structure of primary structure?
Linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
76
What is the structure of secondary structure?
Twisting of the polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen bonds forming between main-chain peptide groups
77
What is the tertiary structure?
Special arrangements of secondary structure proteins | Involves folding of helix back on itself
78
What is quaternary structure?
When 2 or more join to form a protein complex
79
What protein structure is hemoglobin an example of?
quaternary
80
What are the functions of proteins?
``` enzymes structural pores, channels, pumps in plasma membrane hormones plasma proteins ```
81
What are the different plasma proteins and what do they do?
Albumin: maintains blood volume and pressure globulins: help fight infection
82
What is the makeup of protein?
macromolecules with amino acid monomers
83
What is a peptide bond?
A bond that joins two amino acids together
84
What is denaturation?
Irreversible change in shape that happens when a protein is exposed to extremes in heat or pH
85
What is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid?
Nucleic acid is a polymer of a nucleotides | Nucleotide is a monomer of a nucleic acid
86
What is a nucleotide a complex of?
phosphate pentose sugar nitrogen containing base
87
What are the 4 different kinds of bases?
Adenine nucleotide guanine nucleotide thymine nucleotide cytosin nucletide
88
What two bases are nucleotides with purine bases?
Adenine | Guanine
89
What two bases are nucleotides with pyrimidine bases?
thymine | cytosine
90
What is ATP composed of?
adenine, a ribosome, 5-sided sugar, and three phosphate sugars

Biology 12 (9 decks)

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