Cell Cycle Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What form of DNA is jumbled up?
A
Chromatin
2
Q
What form of DNA is condensed and organized?
A
Chromatid
3
Q
What form of DNA is made of two chromatids connected at the center?
A
Chromosomes
4
Q
Why is cell division important?
A
It’s used for growth, reproduction, and repair.
5
Q
What is the first stage of the cell cycle?
A
Interphase
6
Q
What is the first stage of interphase?
A
G1
7
Q
What happens in G1?
A
The cell grows to its mature size.
8
Q
What is the second stage of interphase?
A
S
9
Q
What happens in S phase?
A
The DNA is copied.
10
Q
What is the third stage of interphase?
A
G2
11
Q
What happens in G2?
A
The cell prepares to divide.
12
Q
What is the second stage of the cell cycle?
A
Mitosis
13
Q
During mitosis, what is split into two?
A
The nucleus
14
Q
During mitosis, is the DNA identical or different?
A
Identical
15
Q
How many phases are there in mitosis?
A
4
16
Q
What’s the first stage of mitosis?
A
Prophase
17
Q
What stage is the DNA in during interphase?
A
Chromatin
18
Q
During prophase, the DNA goes from what to what?
A
Chromatin to chromosomes.
19
Q
During what stage does the nuclear membrane break down in?
A
Prophase
20
Q
Why does the nuclear membrane have to break down?
A
So the chromosomes can move.
21
Q
What is the second stage of mitosis?
A
Metaphase
22
Q
During what stage do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
A
Metaphase
23
Q
During metaphase, why do the chromosomes have to be lined up exactly right?
A
So the cells have the exact amount of DNA.
24
Q
What is the third stage of mitosis?
A
Anaphase
25
During which stage do the chromosomes split and move to opposite ends of the cell?
Anaphase
26
What pulls the chromosomes apart?
Spindle fibers
27
What are the spindle fibers attached to?
The centrioles
28
During anaphase, where do the split chromosomes move?
Opposite ends of the cell.
29
During anaphase, the DNA turns from what into what?
Chromosomes to chromatid.
30
What is the fourth stage of mitosis?
Telophase
31
During telophase, the DNA goes from what to what?
Chromatids to chromatin.
32
During what stage does the nuclear membrane reform?
Telophase
33
What is the third stage of the cell cycle?
Cytokinesis
34
What splits in cytokinesis?
The cytoplasm.
35
During which stage of the cell cycle do the organelles split up and go into each new cell?
Cytokinesis
36
What is produced in the cell cycle?
Two new daughter cells.
37
What happens after cytokinesis?
The cell cycle starts over.
38
What is the cell cycle controlled by?
A series of three checkpoints.
39
What phase does the first checkpoint occur in?
G1
40
What phase does the second checkpoint occur in?
G2
41
What phase does the third checkpoint occur in?
M-phase (metaphase)
42
What is G0?
A resting phase.
43
G0 can be what or what?
Temporary of permanent.
44
What is it called when a cell self-destructs?
Apoptosis
45
What is programmed cell death?
Apoptosis
46
Organ sculpting is a result of what?
Apoptosis
47
Fingers, toes, and frog legs are the result of what?
Apoptosis
48
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division.
49
What happens to the cell cycle if a cell is cancerous?
It isn't regulated.
50
If the cell cycle isn't regulated, what can it lead to?
A tumor.
51
What is cancer caused by?
Genetics, or environmental factors like toxins, radiation, and excessive UV exposure.
52
What is it called when one parent produces offspring without fertilization?
Asexual Reproduction
53
What is the result of asexual reproduction?
Genetically identical offspring and parent.
54
Mitotic cell division is an example of what?
Asexual Reproduction
55
Fission is an example of what?
Asexual Reproduction
56
Budding is an example of what?
Asexual Reproduction
57
Regeneration is an example of what?
Asexual Reproduction
58
Vegetative reproduction is an example of what?
Asexual Reproduction
59
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
No need for a mate, fast and efficient.
60
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
Lack of genetic diversity.
61
What is it called when two organisms are needed to generate offspring?
Sexual Reproduction
62
What is it called when two reproductive cells combine and produce offspring?
Sexual Reproduction
63
What is the result of sexual reproduction?
Genetically different offspring.
64
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
Provides genetic diversity.
65
What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Must find a mate which can use lots of energy, must grow and raise offspring.
66
What's another word for body cells?
Somatic Cells
67
What's another word for sex cells?
Gametes
68
Are body cells genetically different or identical?
Identical
69
Are sex cells genetically different or identical?
Different
70
What is a diploid?
A cell with two sets of chromosomes.
71
What is a haploid?
A cell with one set of chromosomes.
72
How many sets of chromosomes do diploid cells have?
2
73
How many sets of chromosomes do haploid cells have?
1
74
What type of cell are diploid cells?
Body Cells (Somatic)
75
What type of cell are haploid cells?
Sex Cells (Gametes)
76
What's an example of a diploid cell?
Skin cells, liver cells, nose cells, blood cells.
77
What's an example of a haploid cell?
Egg cells, sperm cells.
78
The process of making sex cells is called what?
Meiosis
79
Are the cells made in meiosis genetically identical or different?
Different
80
Why do cells need to make more of themselves?
So things can grow and there are more cells to replace it if something goes wrong.
81
What does the first checkpoint check for?
To make sure the cell is growing right and the DNA isn't damaged.
82
What does the second checkpoint check for?
To make sure the DNA was copied right.
83
What does the third checkpoint check for?
To make sure the chromosomes lined up right and the spindle fibers were attached right.
84
Why would there be cells with only 23 chromosomes?
So when the gametes come together, they make a diploid cell with 46 chromosomes.
85
What phase of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time in?
Interphase
86
What form is the DNA in during interphase?
Chromatin
87
What phase is the DNA in or turn into during prophase?
Chromosomes
88
What phase is the DNA in during metaphase?
Chromosomes
89
What phase is the DNA in or turn into during anaphase?
Chromatid
90
What phase is the DNA in or turn into during telophase?
Chromatin
91
What phase is the DNA in during cytokinesis?
Chromatin
92
What phase is the DNA in the most during the cell cycle?
Chromatin
93
What phase is the DNA in the least during the cell cycle?
Chromatid
94
What are all the phases of the cell cycle in order?
G1, S, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
95
What's the purpose of centrioles?
To shoot out the spindle fibers that break apart the chromosomes.
96
Why is mitosis a type of asexual reproduction?
Because it produces 2 genetically different daughter cells and doesn't need a mate.
97
What type of cancer doesn't spread?
Benign
98
What type of cancer spreads?
Malignant
99
If it takes a combination of 2 parents' haploid cells to reproduce, what type of reproduction is it?
Sexual
100
What type of cell division results in genetically identical cells?
Mitosis
101
What type of cell division results in genetically different cells?
Meiosis
102
During which phase do chromosomes become first visible?
Prophase
103
How many daughter cells does mitosis produce?
2
104
How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
4
105
Why are gametes all genetically different?
Chromosomes during metaphase exchange information, and when separated during anaphase all the chromatids are different.
