Flashcards in Cell cycle Deck (42)
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1
What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
2
What parts is interphase divided into?
G1 (cell contents replicated. Increase in size.)
S- (DNA REPLICATION)
G2 - (more cell growth)
3
What is the G0 stage?
A period where the cell stops replicating as there are no signals sent for division. This can be temporary or permanent and usually occurs during G1.
4
How many checkpoint are there during interphase?
3
5
What occurs at the checkpoint to allow the cycle to continue?
The proteins controlling the checkpoints are phosphorylated
6
What occurs if checkpoint proteins are not phosphorylated?
The cell either repairs the damage or undergoes apoptosis
7
When does the 4th checkpoint occur?
Before the chromosome spilt (during metaphase) to ensure the chromosomes are correctly aligned
8
What are the 5 stages of Mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
9
What is the structure of a chromosome??
They consist of a short (p) arm and a long (q) arm and are held together by a centromere
10
What are the 4 chromosome structures due to centromere placement?
Metacentric, submetacentric, Acrocentric and telocentric
11
What occurs in prophase?
Nuclear Membrane disappears, chromosomes form
12
What happens in prometaphase?
Spindle fibres bind to centromeres, nuclear Membrane has completely disappeared
13
What happens in metaphase?
Replicated chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
14
What happens in anaphase?
Microtubules spindle pulls chromosomes apart to opposite poles
15
What happened in telophase?
Spindle disappeared, nuclear envelope reforms and a cleavage furrow forms as the cells start to be cleaved
16
What are homologous chromosome?
Chromosomes that have the same genes in the same loci, but different forms of the genes (alleles)
17
What does meiosis results in?
4 non-identical haploid cells
18
What stage is present in mitosis but not meiosis?
Prometaphase
19
What occurs in Prophase 1 of meiosis?
Synopsis occurs where the homologous chromosome pair up and crossing over occurs between non sister chromatids to form recombinant DNA
20
What is the importance of crossing over?
It gives genetic variation
21
What are the points at which crossing over occurs called?
Chiasmata
22
How is metaphase 1 in meiosis different?
The homologous pairs (bivalents) line up on the metaphase plate and there is independent assortment of bivalents
23
How is metaphase II different from metaphase I?
There is independent assortment of CHROMATIDS instead of BIVALENTS
24
What is the consequence of meiosis?
It allows the chromosome number to remain constant from generation to generation
25
What is spermatogenesis?
Cell division(meiosis) to make male gametes
26
What is the time length of spermatogenesis?
60 days
27
Outline spermatogenesis
The spermatogonium (diploid) divides by mitosis to make primary spermatocytes (diploid). These then undergo meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocyte each which then undergoes meiosis II so that 4 spermatids are produced that develop into sperm cells
28
What is oogenesis?
Cell division by meiosis to produce female gametes
29
Outline oogenesis
The Oogonium divides by mitosis to produce primary oocytes. The primary oocytes undergo meiosis to produce 1 mature ovum and 3 polar bodies.
30
