Cell Cycle

Question 1

two main stages of the cell cycle

Answer 1

mitotic and interphase

Question 2

mitotic phase consists of

Answer 2

mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 3

cell growth and copying chromosomes

Answer 3

interphase

Question 4

3 parts of interphase

Answer 4

s, g2,and g1

Question 5

DNA synthesis

Answer 5

s phase

Question 6

period between s and m

Answer 6

g2

Question 7

period between m and s

Answer 7

g1

Question 8

5 phases of the mitosis

Answer 8

prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase and cytokinesis

Question 9

the cell increases in size, the DNA of the chromosomes is replicated and the centrosome is duplicated

Answer 9

interphase

Question 10

the duplicated chromosomes condense.

outside the nucleus the mitotic spindle assembles between the two centrosomes which have begun to move apart

Answer 10

prophase

Question 11

breakdown of nuclear envelope, can now attach to spindle microtubules via their kinetochores and undergo active movement

Answer 11

prometaphase

Question 12

the chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle, midway between the spindle poles.

the kinetochore microtubules on each sister chromatid attach to opposite poles of the spindle

Answer 12

metaphase

Question 13

the sister chromatids synchronously separate and are pulled slowly toward the spindle pole to which they are attached. he kinetochore microtubules get shorter and the spindle poles move apart

Answer 13

anaphase

Question 14

the two sets of chromosomes arrive at the poles of the spindle. a new nuclear envelope reassembles around each set, completing the formation of two nuclei and marketing the end of mitosis

Answer 14

telophase

Question 15

the cytoplasm divided in two by a contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments, which pinches the cell into two daughters each with one nucleus

Answer 15

cytokinesis

Question 16

is all DNA replicated? is all DNA damage repaired?

checks for: cell size and dna damage

Answer 16

G2 checkpoint

Question 17

are all chromosomes properly attached to the mitotic spindle

checks for: chromsome attachement to spindle

Answer 17

M checkpoint

Question 18

is environment favorable?

checks for: cell size, nutrients, growth factors, dna damage

Answer 18

G1 checkpoint

Question 19

which check point is the most important

Answer 19

G1

Question 20

If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal from the g1 phase, it will exit the cycle, switching into a non-dividing state called

Answer 20

g0 phase (senescence)

Question 21

kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules send a molecular signal that delays anaphase

Answer 21

internal signal

Question 22

growth factors —- proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

Answer 22

external signals

Question 23

cyclin- cdk complex: G1-Cdk
Cyclin?
Cdk partner?

Answer 23

Cyclin D

Cdk 4 and 6

Question 24

cyclin- cdk complex: G1/S-Cdk
Cyclin?
Cdk partner?

Answer 24

Cyclin E

Cdk 2

Question 25

cyclin- cdk complex: S-Cdk Cyclin? Cdk partner?

Answer 25

Cyclin A | Cdk 2

Question 26

cyclin- cdk complex: M-Cdk Cyclin? Cdk partner?

Answer 26

Cyclin B | Cdk 1

Question 27

three d cyclins in mammals

Answer 27

d1 d2 d3

Question 28

Transcription Proteolysis Inhibitory phosphorylation Binding of CDK inhibitors

Answer 28

regulations of cyclins

Question 29

cyclins or cdk's are degraded

Answer 29

cyclins

Question 30

Ubiquitylation of cyclin by APC results in

Answer 30

degradation

Question 31

The cell cycle can pause through the action of a CDK inhibitor

Answer 31

p27 p21 p57 (all for g1/s, g2, m) g1 - 15, 16, 18, 19

Question 32

DNA damage will result in exit from the cell cycle and arrest in

Answer 32

G1

Question 33

three major categories of extracellular signals

Answer 33

mitogens growth factors survival factors

Question 34

stimulate cell division (entry & progression through the cell cycle)

Answer 34

mitogens

Question 35

stimulate cell growth (increase in cell size and mass) by promoting the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules

Answer 35

growth factors

Question 36

promote cell survival by suppressing programmed cell death

Answer 36

survival factors

Question 37

- act by turning on signaling pathways that stimulate the synthesis of G1 cyclins - inhibit the Rb protein

Answer 37

mitogens

Question 38

in normal cells pRB is a

Answer 38

tumor supressor

Question 39

Increase Synthesis and Decrease Degradation of Macromolecules, and results in increased cell size and mass

Answer 39

growth factors

Question 40

a pro-survival protein

Answer 40

Bcl-2

Question 41

Survival Factors Suppress Apoptosis by Regulating (oncogene)

Answer 41

bcl-2

Question 42

which crowded cells stop dividing

Answer 42

external signal

Question 43

in which they must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

Answer 43

anchorage dependence

Question 44

which type of cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

Answer 44

cancer cells

Question 45

proteolysis regulates what two cycles

Answer 45

s and m

Question 46

inhibitory phosphates are removed to activate the

Answer 46

M-cyclin CDK complex