Cell Signaling Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

process of converting one type of signal to another type

A

signal transduction

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2
Q

4 types of ways in which cells signal

A
  1. endocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. synaptic
  4. contact-dependent
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3
Q

hormone produced in endocrine glands are secreted into the bloodstream and are distributed widely throughout the body

A

endocrine

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4
Q

paracrine signals are released by cells into the ECF in their neighborhood and act locally

A

paracrine

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5
Q

neuronal signals are transmitted electrically along a nerve cell axon. when this electrical signal reaches the nerve terminal, it causes the release of neurotransmitters onto adjacent target cells.

A

synaptic

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6
Q

a cell-surface-bound signal molecule binds to a receptor protein on a adjacent cell.

A

contact dependent

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7
Q

complexity of receptors is amplified due to

A
  • 1000 of individual receptors within a family
  • multiple transducers
  • second messengers
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8
Q

if a cell is deprived of survival signals most cells undergo

A

suicide (apoptosis)

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9
Q

multiple extracellular signals can produce what different outcomes?

A
  • survive
  • grow and divide
  • differentiate
  • suicide
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10
Q

which cell processes of EC signals occur faster

A

metabolic, secretion, altered protein function (non gene expression)

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11
Q

which cell processes of EC signals occur slowest

A

gene expression and protein synthesis

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12
Q

extracellular signal molecules generally fall into two classes —-

A
  1. (largest) too large/too hydrophilic require a receptor protein
    2 (smaller) hydrophobic
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13
Q

steroid hormones rely on

A

intracellular receptor proteins (hydrophobic)

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14
Q

when activated by hormone binding, they act as transcription regulators in the nucleus

A

nuclear receptor

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15
Q

3 key steps in cell signaling

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
  3. response
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16
Q

intracellular signaling molecules can (4 steps)

A
  1. relay
  2. amplify
  3. integrate
  4. distribute
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17
Q

mechanism where a signaling pathway can regulate itself

A

feedback regulation

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18
Q

two types of protein switches

A
  1. protein phosphorylation

2. gtp-binding proteins

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19
Q

turn on of protein phosphorylation

A

protein kinase (ATP-ADP) adds the phosphate group

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20
Q

turn off of protein phosphorylation

A

protein phosphatase (removing a phosphate)

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21
Q

two main groups of kinases

A

serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases

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22
Q

activated when GDP is exchanged for GTP

A

GTP binding protein

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23
Q

protein then switched itself off by

A

GTP hydrolysis

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24
Q

the activity of monomeric gtp-binding proteins is controlled by

A

GEF and GAPS

25
promote the exchange of GDP for GTP “on”
GEF (guanine exchange factors)
26
stimulate the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP “off”
GAPS (GTPase activating proteins)
27
3 main classes of cell-surface receptors
- ion channel coupled - g protein could - enzyme coupled
28
Change the permeability of the plasma membrane to selected ion, produce and electrical current
ion channel coupled receptors
29
Activate membrane bound trimeric GTP-binding proteins that in turn activate an enzyme or an ion channel in the cell membrane that then initiates a signaling cascade
g-protein coupled receptors
30
Act as enzymes or associate with enzymes inside the cell, which in turn activate a signaling cascade
enzyme-coupled
31
Polypeptide transverses the membrane as seven alpha helixes
GPCRs
32
all g proteins have what type of subunits
alpha, beta, and gamma
33
How long activation lasts depends on
GTPase activity in the alpha subunit
34
g proteins can activate what type of channels
ion
35
Ach activates what g protein
Gi
36
beta gamma complex opens which channel
K+ (slows heart rate)
37
closes the channel
hydrolysis in GTP
38
intracellular signaling molecules
second messengers
39
- Small molecules that carry signals into a cell or signal locally within a cell - Chemically diverse – include inorganic ions, lipids, gases, and nucleotides
second messengers
40
4 types of second messengers
- cyclic nucleotides - lipids - calcium - nitric oxide
41
Used for transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucogen and adrenaline, which themselves do not enter the cell binds and regulates the function of ion channels and can be involved in immune inflammatory responses
cAMP
42
two types of cyclic nucleotides
cAMP and cGMP
43
cAMP is formed from ____, that removes ____ phosphate groups, allowing the remaining one to join back on the AMP molecule
ATP, two,
44
removal of two phosphates to make the cyclic AMP is catalyzed by what?
adenylyl cyclase
45
can inactivate cAMP
cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase
46
adrenaline signaling uses what type of protein binding
G-protein
47
arenaline signaling process
adrenaline binds to G-protein, which activates cAMP, which activates PKA, which results in rapid breakdown of glycogen
48
activation of PKA in an adrenaline response can also activate
downstream gene transcription
49
Phospholipase C =
Gq
50
Phospholipase C actives 2 signaling pathways
- IP3 and DAG
51
some cell responses mediated by phospholipase C activation
- vasopression----liver---glycogen breakdown - Ach---- pancreas---- sec of amylase - Ach----- smooth muscle----contraction - thrombin-----blood platelets----aggregation
52
three parent lipids that give rise to most lipid 2nd messengers
- PIP2 - PC - Spingolmyelin
53
translocates from the cytosol to the plasma membrane can regulate gene expression, cell motility, generation of 2nd messengers
PKC
54
It is the only second messenger that is controlled by release into and removal from the cytosol. All other are synthesized and metabolized
Calcium
55
calcium controls what 4 things
synaptic transmission fertilization secretion muscle contraction
56
calcium + calmodulin actives
CaM-kinases
57
when CAM kinases are activates calmodulin will
wrap around its target protein to activate it
58
diffuses through cytosol and binds to ER to open calcium channels
IP3
59
takes calcium ions and adheres to activate PKC
DAG