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Biology VCE AOS 1 Unit 1 > Cell Cycle, etc > Flashcards

Cell Cycle, etc Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  • All living things are made of one or more cells
  • Cell is the basic unit of life
  • New cells arise from existing cells
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2
Q

Purpose of cell cycle

A
  • New cells needed
  • Replace dead cells
  • Regular cell death
  • Asexual reproduction
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3
Q

Process of Binary fission

A
  1. Bidirectional replication of DNA
  2. DNA moves to poles
  3. Cell elongates and cleavage furrow forms
  4. Cytokenisis - cell divides.
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4
Q

Compare Binary fission to Mitosis

A
  • Only 20 mins
  • Much faster
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Single strand DNA splits into 2
  • Undefined processes.
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5
Q

What is Chromatin made of

A
  • Tightly wounded histones and proteins.
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5
Q

Characteristic of homologous chromosomes

A
  • Same gene located on same loci of each pair.
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6
Q

Which genders DNA determines sex of offspring?

A

MALE

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7
Q

How many genes does X and Y chromosomes carry?

A

X = up to 1500
Y = up to 300

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8
Q

What is the default gender?

A

Female

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9
Q

Define Karyotype?

A

Collection of chromosomes in an inidivudal

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Characteristics of chromosome pairs

A
  • Different size to others
  • Different no. genes to other pairs
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11
Q

Define Locus

A

Location of individual genes

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12
Q
A
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15
Q

cell cycle checkpoint??

A

G1- PREPARATION FOR DNA REPLICATION/ grows
Sā€“ DNA REPLICATION (error= apoptosis)
G2- PREPARW FOR MITOSIS
M- Check if chromosomes r allighnednproperly in metaphase (error = apoptosis)
G0- if cell is under stress/ delay , pause and apoptosis or improve

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16
Q

Dna replicarion

A
  1. Double helix unzips
  2. Polymerase adds nucleotides to strand.
17
Q

Centrosomw

A

Where microtubules are produced. Has two centrioles made of 9 ringed microttubules.

18
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
Nuclear envelope disappears
Centrosomes move to opposire poles

19
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
Undegoes during wnd of cell life
Dysfunctional or damaged

20
Q

Lipid based hormones

A

LIPID BASED HORMONES SUCH AS STEROID HORNONES TRAVEL THEOUGH BLOOD INTO CARRIER PROTEIN

21
Q

Protein based hormone

A

Such as amine hormone or peptide hornone travel freely in blood but cant pass phospholipid bikayer unless receptor

22
Q

Stages og apoptosis

A

Caspaces are triggered

Divide (cleave) Intracellular materials are digested

Cell shrink - nucleus and organelles

Blebing - cytoskeleton dies, cell weakens and splits into small vesicles called apoptotic bodies

Phagocytosis - apoptotic bodies get engulfed snd digested by phagocytes

23
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Signalling molecules attack to desth receptors on plasma membrane

Procadpaces activated

Cell undergoes apoptosis

24
Q

Reason for extrisnicnpathway

A
  • no longer needed
  • replaced by new cell
  • nonfunctional
25
Intrinsic pathway
Cell undergoes stress and mitochondria detects Pores on cristae of mitochondria release cytochrome c Cytochrome c activates caspaces in cytoplasm Cell undergoes apoptosis
26
Reason for intrinsic
Dna damage, virus infection, uv radiation, etc
27
Necrosis
Cell dies due to external factors like injury blood loss or disease, typically cell bursts and affects surrounding organelles causing inflammation
28
Checkpoint malfunction
Enzymes operate checkpoints Enzymes can be prevented from functioning Enzyme can be stimulated to stay in one state permanently Both causes unmonitored cell division and cancer
29
Cancerous cells
Gene controlling cells cell cycle gets mutated Metastasis- invading tissues Proliferation- send signals to grow and divide Evading growth suspension- escape stop growing signals
30
Differentiation
Process of less specialised cell becomes more sepcific im structure and function
31
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells becoming specialised - totipotent- all differentiated cwlls in organism - pluripotent- differentiate into a type of 3 germ layer cell (blastocyst)
32
Induced pluripotent stem cell (ipscs)
Adult somatic cell reprogrammed yo return to undifferentiated embryonic state
33
Totipotent
Cell that can develop into any type of cell Zygote, embryonic cells
34
Multipotent
Differentiate intk limited cell type in same tissue Blood cells, bone cells
35
Pluripotent
Differentiate into all cell types except for embryonic tissue Idpscs, blastocyst
36

Biology VCE AOS 1 Unit 1 (2 decks)

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