Cell structure and function

Question 1

What are all living things made of

Answer 1

One or more cell

Question 2

Are cells visible to the naked eye

Answer 2

No

Question 3

Where does the exchange of materials occur?

Answer 3

Plasma membrane

Question 4

Prokaryotic cell characteristics:-

Answer 4

• 1-2um
• No membrane bound organelles
• Ribosomes present
• Complex cell wall
  *EG. Bacteria

Question 5

Eukaryotic cell characteristics:-

Answer 5

• 10-100um
• Membrane bound organelles
• Ribosomes
• Cell wall not in animal cells
• Animal

Question 6

Formula for sa of sphere?

Answer 6

4pir^2

Question 7

Formula for volume of sphere?

Answer 7

4pir^2/3

Question 8

Can the organelles access the plasma membrane faster in large cells of smaller cells?

Answer 8

Large cells

Question 9

Characteristics of Cell wall:-

Answer 9

• Semi-rigid
• Maintains shape and gives support and strength
• Eg. Plant, Fungi, Bacteria

Question 10

Cell wall structure plant cells?

Answer 10

• Primary cell wall - made of cellulose
• Secondary cell wall - cellulose and ligning (for woody plants) It thickens and causes cells to die which gives the rough wood texture.

Question 11

What is Chloroplast?

Answer 11

Chloroplast is a green organelle with folded membranes called Grana and undergoes photosynthesis and stores starch.

Question 12

What is a plasma membrane?

Answer 12

The plasma membrane is semi permeable and protects the cell and controls what substances enter and exit the cell.

Question 13

What is the nucleus:?

Answer 13

The nucleus is the control center of the cell controlling the activities inside the cell. It has a nucleolus with RNA and nuclear envelope with pores letting substances move around the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Question 14

What is the mitochondrion?

Answer 14

The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of a cell creating energy for the cell called Adenosine Triphosphate ( ATP) through cellular respiration. It has an inner and outer membrane called the CRISTAE and MATRIX inside the cristae.

Question 15

What are ribosomes?

Answer 15

Ribosomes are the factories for cells they create proteins in the ROUGH ER or in CYTOSOL (fluid part of cytoplasm) they are made of amino acids formed into polypeptide chains/proteins.

Question 16

What is the ER

Answer 16

The endoplasmic reticulum is the transport for the cell. the rough ER transports proteins made by by the ribosomes within the cell and the Smooth ER kills harmful products, stores and releases products. It also forms sugar groups for glycoproteins, folding proteins and making polypeptides for ribosomes.

Question 17

What is the golgi complex

Answer 17

The golgi complex is also transportation in the cell. It packages proteins and other materials into vesicles to be transferred outside of the cell.

Question 18

what are lysosomes

Answer 18

Lysosomes are the trash bins of the cell they digest waste and kill nonfunctioning organelles and toxic substances.

Question 19

what are peroxisomes

Answer 19

Peroxisomes kill toxic substances that enter the bloodstream

Question 20

What are endosomes

Answer 20

Endosomes pass recent waste to lysosomes

Question 21

What does the cell skeleton do?

Answer 21

The cell skeleton give strength and support, maintain cell shape, movement of organelles, move chromosomes. They are made of Microtubules, Intermediate filaments and microfilaments.

Question 22

What do the proteins in the plasma membrane do

Answer 22

They change behaviours in response signals, communicate with other cells, serve as identity markers, act as receptors.

Question 23

What proteins are in the plasma membrane

Answer 23

In the plasma membrane there are glycoproteins, integral proteins, and peripheral proteins. On the surface of the membrane are glycolipids that communicate to other cells and cholesterol in the membrane which let the membrane move.

Question 24

what are the two types of transport in the plasma membrane

Answer 24

Passive transport and active transport

Question 25

What is osmosis?

Answer 25

Osmosis is the diffusion of water particles through the semi permeable plasma membrane via passive transport.

Question 26

What is osmolarity?

Answer 26

Osmolarity is the total solvent concentration in a solution.

Question 27

What are the three types of osmolarity?

Answer 27

Isotonic solution, hypertonic solution and hypotonic solution

Question 28

What is an isotonic solution

Answer 28

Isotonic solutions are when there is an equilibrium of solute concentration compared to another solution.

Question 29

What is a hypertonic solution?

Answer 29

A hypertonic solution has more solute and less water. Because there is more substance on the solution the water exits the solution to a lower concentration of solute.

Question 30

What is a hypotonic solution

Answer 30

A hypotonic solution has more water and less solute. This is because there is less concentration of solute so the water moves to this solution.

Question 31

What is facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

Answer 31

Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport where particles diffuse across the semi permeable plasma membrane via (channel) proteins in the membrane. This is still passive transport because there is no such energy used.

Question 32

What is passive transport?

Answer 32

It is the diffusion of particles between the semi permeable plasma membrane without the use of energy

Question 33

What is active transport?

Answer 33

Active transport is the movement of substances travelling from low concentration to high concentration (against its concentration gradient) with the use of ADP AND PI energy from ATP energy and carrier proteins which act as a lift for the substances.

Question 34

An example of active transport?

Answer 34

The movement of glucose from the small intestines into the large intestines is an example of active transport.

Question 35

What is exocytosis?

Answer 35

The transport of substances out of the cell. Exo meaning out

Question 36

What proteins are involved in exocytosis?

Answer 36

Nucleus- blueprint for proteins which is then translated into protein by rRNA Ribosomes- makes protein ER - transports to golgi complex Golgi complex - packages into vesicles and out of the cell.

Question 37

What are the ribosomes in the ROUGH ER for?

Answer 37

They are produced there for transportation and to be used in the lysosomes for digestion.

Question 38

What are vesicles

Answer 38

Vesicles are small packages in the cell which transport substances from the Golgi body to outside the cell. The vesicle membrane then fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the substances outside of the cell.