Cell cycle (M1B1)

Question 1

The regular sequence of events that produce new cells is termed the…………

Answer 1

cell cycle

Question 2

what’s the phase that’s the longest and most variable part of the interphase cycle?

Answer 2

G1

Question 3

what are the 3 stages of the cell cycle and what happens during them?

Answer 3

– Interphase – cell grows into its mature size, makes a
copy of its DNA, and prepares for division.
– Mitosis – one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of its daughter cells
– Cytokinesis – the cytoplasm divides and organelles are distributed into the two new cell

Question 4

Mitosis is conventionally divided into five phases which are?

Answer 4

PPMAT

– Prophase
– Prometaphase 
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase

Question 5

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 5

mitosis: diploid to diploid ex. 46 to 46, 1 cell to 2 cells, growth and repair, somatic cells only, PMAT+ Cytokinesis 1
meiosis: diploid to haploid, 46 to 23, 1 cell to 4, reproductive cells only, PMAT + Cytokinesis 2

Question 6

Interphase is made up of 3 separate parts which are?

Answer 6

– G1
–S
– G2

Question 7

what is G0 phase?

Answer 7

cells exist in a quiescent (inactive) state, the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide

Question 8

Cycling is activated in postmitotic G0 cells by protein signals from the extracellular environment called?

Answer 8

mitogens (growth factor)

bind to cell surface receptors and trigger a cascade of kinase signaling in the cells

Question 9

what phase does the cell in for the most of its life?

Answer 9

interphase

Question 10

what’s a homologous chromosome?

Answer 10

23 pairs of chromosomes one from the mother and one from the father (somatic cells only, no gamete)

Question 11

what makes up the chromatid and is composed of DNA and proteins?

Answer 11

chromatin

Question 12

what happens in G1?

Answer 12

cells doubles in size

Think of this phase as the cell just living its normal life.

Question 13

what happens in S phase?

Answer 13

DNA synthesis

Think of this phase as placing the DNA on a copy machine.

Question 14

what happens in G2?

Answer 14

cell prepares to divide and produces structures needed for cell division

(Think of this phase as the cell double checking everything it needs to divide.)

Question 15

what are pieces of DNA that contain the instructions for building a protein?

Answer 15

genes

Question 16

what happens in PMAT?

Answer 16

P: • Nucleusdisappears
• Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm and attach to sister chromatids

M: they line up

A: sister chromatids are pulled to the opposite ends

T: after they arrive new nucleus forms

Question 17

what is cytokinesis?

Answer 17

is the division of the cytoplasm

Question 18

an egg and a sperm fuse to produce a………

Answer 18

zygote

Question 19

what is the name for the fusion of gametes?

Answer 19

fertilization

Question 20

the process where the homologous chromosomes pair all along their length is called?

Answer 20

synapsis

Question 21

what is the exchange of genetic material from homologous chromosomes called?

Answer 21

crossing over

Question 22

At the end of meiosis, each cell contains one half the genetic material (haploid or “n”) which is called?

Answer 22

reduction division

Question 23

At the end of Meiosis II, there are……. haploid cells.

Answer 23

4

Question 24

cycling is regulated by a family

of cytoplasmic proteins called?

Answer 24

cyclins

(With different cyclins
present during different cell cycle phases, each activates one or more specific cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Question 25

DNA mutations are detected by proteins called?

Answer 25

P53

if P53 gene is mutated, causing damaged cells to proliferate easily

Question 26

Many genes coding for proteins important in the control of

cell proliferation and differentiation are often called?

Answer 26

proto-oncogenes

(proto-oncogene is a normal gene found in the cell. There are many proto-oncogenes. Each one is responsible for making a protein involved in cell growth, division, and other processes in the cell. Most of the time, these genes work the way they are supposed to, but sometimes things go wrong)

Question 27

If an error (mutation) occurs in a proto-oncogene, the proto-oncogenes can become turned on when isn’t supposed to be turned on and cells will start to grow out of control, that’s called?

Answer 27

oncogene

Question 28

Oncogenes cause uncontrolled cell growth and a potential of?

Answer 28

cancer