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Eukaryotic Cell Biology > Cell Death > Flashcards

Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

Cells naturally want to undergo suicide. It is the presence of what that prevents this from happening?

A

Survival factors

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2
Q

When the rate of cell division is equal to the rate of cell death, the tissue is said to be in a state of what?

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

When the rate of cell division is greater than the rate of cell death, the tissue can form what?

A

Tumours

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4
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need to regulate the death of their cell?

A
  1. To regulate the size of the cell populations
  2. Ensure there is balance between cell proliferation and cell death
  3. Allows precise control over the size of tissues and organs
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5
Q

Why do multicellular organisms undergo cell death in terms of immune system balance?

A
  1. To kill cells that pathogens have infected
  2. Prevent the survival of cells with damaged DNA
  3. Eliminate lymphocytes that would trigger an autoimmune response
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6
Q

What are the three main functions of apoptosis?

A
  1. Allows cells to die in a controlled manner
  2. Shapes organs during development
  3. Maintains immune system balance
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7
Q

What are the two types of cell death?

A

Apoptosis and necrosis

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8
Q

Is apoptosis a type of pathological or physiological cell death?

A

Physiological

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9
Q

Is necrosis a type of pathological or physiological cell death?

A

Pathological

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10
Q

Which type of cell death results from damage or injury?

A

Necrosis

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11
Q

Which type of cell death follows an ordered structure sequence of events?

A

Apoptosis

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12
Q

True or false? Apoptosis results in random DNA fragmentation where as necrosis produces “ladder-like” DNA fragments.

A

False

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13
Q

During apoptosis, what morphologies can be observed within a cell?

A
  1. Membrane blebbing
  2. Chromatin condensation
  3. Organelle reduction
  4. Cell shrinkage
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14
Q

What are the two types of necrosis?

A

Coagulating necrosis and liquifying necrosis

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15
Q

True or false? ATP is depleted in necrosis and apoptosis requires ATP.

A

True

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16
Q

True or false? In apoptosis, whole areas of tissues are affected, whereas only individual cells are affected in necrosis.

A

False

17
Q

What type of cell death causes an inflammatory response?

A

Necrosis

18
Q

What are caspases?

A

A family of proteins that are specialised intracellular proteases. They have a cysteine at the active site and can cleave proteins at specific aspartic acids

19
Q

Apoptosis depends on proteolytic cleavage by what family of proteins?

A

Caspases

20
Q

What are the two types of caspases?

A

Initiator and executioner

21
Q

What type of initiator caspase acts in the extracellular pathway of apoptosis?

A

Caspase-8

22
Q

What is the main executioner caspase in both the extracellular and intracellular pathways of apoptosis?

A

Caspase-3

23
Q

What type of initiator caspase acts in the intracellular pathway of apoptosis?

A

Caspase-9

24
Q

What is the function of active DNAse?

A

To break down nuclear DNA

25
Q

What is the function of fragmented nuclear lamins?

A

To disassemble the nucleus

26
Q

What is the function of gelsolin/actin-digesting enzymes?

A

To disassemble the cytoskeleton

27
Q

What type of protein is classed as an “adapter protein” in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?

A

FADD

28
Q

The death signal in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway is received by the death receptor. How does this activate the procaspases?

A

The death signal received by the death receptor activates adaptor proteins. This causes initiator procaspases to closer, which induces a conformational change and activates them

29
Q

How is the intrinsic apoptotic pathway initiated?

A

By a leaky mitochondria

30
Q

How is the extrinsic apoptotic pathway initiated?

A

By death receptor mediated events

31
Q

DNA damage can trigger apoptosis by what protein?

A

p53

32
Q

What are the four components of the death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?

A
  1. Ligands
  2. Fas
  3. FADD
  4. Procaspase-8
33
Q

In the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, Bcl-2 family members are activated and what is released from the mitochondrial intermembrane space?

A

Cytochrome C

Eukaryotic Cell Biology (15 decks)

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