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biology > cell division > Flashcards

cell division Flashcards

1
Q

when does the cell cycle start

A

when a cell has been produced by cell division

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2
Q

what happens in G1

A

the cell grows and doubles its organelles

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3
Q

what happens at the g1 checkpoint

A

cell checks that the chemicals needed for replication are present and for any damage to DNA

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4
Q

what happens at the s phase

A

cell replicates DNA and is ready to divide by mitosis

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5
Q

what happens at G2 checkpoint

A

replicated DNA is checked for any mutations and if there isnt any it will start mitosis

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6
Q

what happens in the M phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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7
Q

what 2 reasons do cells need to divide

A

repairing damaged tissues
asexual reproduction

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8
Q

why does interphase happen before mitosis

A

to allow cells to replicate their DNA ready for division

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9
Q

what happens during interphase

A

cells dna is replicated, organelles replicated

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10
Q

in prophase what condenses

A

chromosomes - making them shorter and fatter

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11
Q

what starts to move to opposite ends

A

centrioles

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12
Q

what do centrioles form

A

spindle fibres

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13
Q

what happens to the nuclear envelope during mitosis

A

it breaks down

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14
Q

what happens at metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell

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15
Q

what do the chromosomes become attached to at metaphase

A

spindles

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16
Q

what happens at M1 checkpoint

A

cell checks chromosomes are attached to the spindle

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17
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

centrioles divide

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18
Q

what gets separated during anaphase

A

sister chromatids

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19
Q

what happens to the spindle during the anaphase

A

they contract pulling the cell apart

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20
Q

what happens during telophase

A

chromatids reach opposite poles and become chromosomes again

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21
Q

what happens to the nucleus in telophase

A

it divides into 2 nuclei

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22
Q

what happens in cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides forming two genetically identical cells

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23
Q

what forms in animal cells to divide the cell membrane

A

cleavage furrow

24
Q

why is meiosis important

A

for the production of gametes

25
Q

what happens during prophase 1 of meiosis

A

chromosomes condense and arrange themselves into homologous pairs

26
Q

what is a homologous pair

A

when chromosomes pair up during reproduction

27
Q

what happens to the nuclear envelope in prophase 1

A

it breaks down

28
Q

what happens during the anaphase 1 of meiosis

A

spindles contract which separates homologous pairs

29
Q

what happens during telophase 1

A

nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes

30
Q

what happens during the second stages of meiosis

A

all of the same stages twice

31
Q

what are sister chromatids

A

the individual strands that ,make up a chromosome

32
Q

what happens during anaphase II

A

sister chromatids are separated

33
Q

what is the product of meiosis

A

4 genetically different haploid daughter cells

called gametes

34
Q

meiosis forms a ——– cell

A

haploid

35
Q

mitosis forms a —– cell

A

diploid

36
Q

what is a stem cell

A

an undifferentiated cell that can differentiate into different cells

37
Q

what are stem cells used for in adults

A

to replace damaged cells

38
Q

what are stem cells used for in plants

A

various plant tissues including xylem and phloem

39
Q

main bones in the body contain what

A

bone marrow

40
Q

what do adult stem cells do in bone marrow

A

divide and differentiate

41
Q

what is a erythrocyte

A

a red blood cell

42
Q

what is a neutrophil

A

a white blood cell

43
Q

where are stem cells found in plants

A

meristems

44
Q

what 2 brain diseases do researches hope to cure with stem cells

A

Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

45
Q

what do researches hope to do with stem cells in Alzheimer’s disease

A

regrow healthy nerve cells

46
Q

what do researches hope to do with stem cells in Parkinson’s disease

A

regenerate dopamine producing cells

47
Q

where do neutrophils and erythrocytes come from

A

bone marrow

48
Q

how are neutrophils specialised

A

flexible shape which helps them engulf pathogens
lots of lysosomes which help them break down engulfed particles

49
Q

how are erythrocytes specialised

A

large surface area

no nucleus so more room for haemoglobin

50
Q

how are epithelial cells specialised

A

joined by interlinking membranes

51
Q

how are ciliated epithelia specialised

A

contain cilia which help them move

52
Q

how are squamous epithelia specialised

A

very thin for efficient diffuison

53
Q

how are sperm cells specialised

A

flagellum( tail) which helps them swim to the egg

lots of mitochondria

digestive enzymes in head for penetration of egg

54
Q

what is the function of the palisade mesophyll

A

does most of photosynthesis

55
Q

how is the palisade mesophyll specialised

A

contain many chloroplasts

thin walls so carbon dioxide can easily diffuse into the cell

56
Q

how are root hair cells adapted

A

large surface area and a thin cell wall

extra mitochondria for energy during active transport

57
Q

What process occurs in metaphase one

A

Random assortment

biology (16 decks)

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