Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > disease and the immune system > Flashcards

disease and the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what is an antigen

A

a molecule that triggers an immune response when detected by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a phagocyte

A

a type of white blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

whats a lyzozome

A

enzymes that come from lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what type of cell is a t cell

A

white blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do t cells have on their surface and why

A

receptor proteins that bind to complementary antigens presented by phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do T helper cells do

A

release chemical signals to activate and stimulate phagocytes and cytotoxic t cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what to cytotoxic T cells do

A

kill abnormal and foreign cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what type of cells are B cells

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are B cells covered with

A

antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is clonal selection

A

after antibodies bind to antigens substances from helper t cells activate B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do activated B cells divide into

A

plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do plasma cells secrete

A

monoclonal antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the specificity of an antibody depends on what

A

its variable regions which form the antigen binding sights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the cellular immune response made up of

A

t cells and other immune system cells they interact with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

whats the humoral immune response made up of

A

B cells, clonal selection and production of monoclonal antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the primary immune response like- why

A

slow and weak - there arent many b cells to bind with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what gets left over after the primary immune response

A

memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the secondary immune response like

A

quick and strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is the secondary immune response faster

A

memory B cells can divide into plasma cells fast and memory t can divide fast enough to kill cell carrying antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do vaccines contain

A

antigens that cause your body to produce memory cells against a particular pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe what herd immunity means

A

vaccines protect individuals who have had them and reduce occurance of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how can vaccines be taken

A

injected or oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

whats a disadvantage of taking vaccines orally

A

they can be broken down by enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

antigens on the surface of pathogens activate what kind of response

A

primary immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when does antigenic variation occur

A

when a pathogen changes their surface antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what can antigenic variation be difficult for

A

vaccinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is active immunity

A

when your immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is natural active immunity

A

when u become immune after catching a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is artificial natural immunity

A

when you become immune after youve been given a vaccination

30
Q

what is passive immunity

A

when you have been given antibodies made by a different organism

31
Q

what is natural passive immunity

A

when a baby gets antibodies from mother in placenta and breast milk

32
Q

whats artificial passive immunity

A

when u become immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else

33
Q

which type of immunity requires exposure to antigen

A

active

34
Q

which type of immunity takes a while for protection to develop

A

active

35
Q

which type of immunity produces memory cells

A

active

36
Q

which type of immunity provides longer term protection

A

active immunity

37
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody

A

antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical B cells

38
Q

what special antigens do cancer cells contain

A

tumour markers

39
Q

what do monoclonal antibodies do to cancer cells

A

bind to tumour markers

40
Q

what can antibody-antigen complexes for tumour markers do

A

allow anti-cancer drugs to only accumulate in one area

41
Q

what does the application area of a pregnancy test contain

A

antibodies for hCG bound to a blue bead

42
Q

what happens to the pregnancy test when someone urinates on it

A

and hCG will bind to antibodies

43
Q

how does a positive pregnancy test result show

A

hCG carried up stick to immobilised area concentrating it

44
Q

what can the ELISA test be used to test for

A

pathogenic infections, allergies or anything that an antibody can be made for

45
Q

what is the first step of the ELISA test

A

add test sample from patient to a beaker

46
Q

what is the second step of the ELISA test

A

wash the sample to remove any unbound test sample

47
Q

whats the 3rd step of the ELISA test

A

add antibody complementary in shape to antigen and then wash any unbound antibody

48
Q

what is the 4th step

A

add a second antibody- which has enzyme attached complementary in shape to first antibody

49
Q

whats the 5th step of ELISA test

A

add colourless substrate sample

50
Q

whats a positive result for ELISA test

A

is liquid goes from colourless to a colour then antigen is present

51
Q

what are some ethical issues with monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies require mice to produce them

52
Q

why might testing vaccines on people be an ethical issue

A

volunteers might put themselves at unescesary risk of contracting the disease

53
Q

what happens when u contract aids

A

the immune system deteriorates until it fails

54
Q

what cells does HIV invade and are hosted in

A

it invades helper T cells

55
Q

when do people with HIV develop AIDS

A

when number of helper T cells reach a critically low level

56
Q

what is in the centre of a virus

A

genetic material and some proteins

57
Q

what encloses the genetic material in a virus

A

the capsid

58
Q

whats the membrane of a virus called

A

the envelope

59
Q

what sticks out of a virus and whats their job

A

attachment proteins - attach to host helper t cell

60
Q

where does HIV replicate

A

inside the helper T cells

61
Q

Are phagocytes specific or non specific

A

Non- specific

62
Q

Are lymphocytes specific or non specific

A

Specific

63
Q

Where are phagocytes found

A

In blood and tissues

64
Q

What kind of response is phagocytosis

A

Non specific

65
Q

Describe the stages of phagocytosis

A

Debris or chemicals released by pathogens attract phagocytes

Receptor binding points on surface of phagocyte attach to antigens

Phagocyte changes shape and moved around pathogen and engluf

Pathogen is contained within a phagosome

Lysosome will fuse to pathogen and release its contents

Lytic enzyme hydrolyses pathogen

66
Q

Where do t cells mature

A

Thymus

67
Q

What kind of response involved t cells

A

Cell mediated

68
Q

Describe a cell mediated response

A

Antigens are positioned on cell surface

Helper t cells attach to antigens

This activates helper t cells to divide by mitosis

Helper t cells differentiate into other cells

69
Q

Describe how HIV is replicated

A

Attachment proteins attach to receptors on helper T

RNA enters cell

Reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA

Viral proteins produced

Virus assembled and released

70
Q

What are the 4 different species that can be recognised as non self

A

Pathogens

Cells from other organisms of same species

Abnormal body cells

Toxins

71
Q

Describe the role of antibodies in producing a positive result in ELISA TEST

A

Antibodies attach to complementary antigen
Antibody with enzyme attached
Antibody attaches to antigen
Colour changes

72
Q

What is the role of antibodies in stimulating phagocytosis

A

Bind to antigen

Causes clumping

biology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions