cell division Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
centromere
A
middle of a chromosome
- where chromatids meet
2
Q
sister chromatids
A
- genetically identical chromosomes
- meet at the centromere
- form 2 daughter cells
3
Q
daughter cells
A
- split sister chromatid
4
Q
chromatin
A
- arrangement of DNA
- thin and skinny
5
Q
prokaryote
A
no nucleus
ex. bacteria
6
Q
eukaryote
A
has a nucleus + genetically multicellular
7
Q
autosomal chromosomes
A
- the first 22 pairs of chromosomes
(excules the 23rd pair) - in both males and females
8
Q
homologous pair
A
- similar in shape and length but NOT identical (like a pair of shoes)
- maternal and paternal pair
9
Q
somatic cells
A
- non-gametes
- contains pairs of homologous chromosomes
- diploid (2n)
10
Q
gametes
A
- sperm/egg cells
- unpaired chromosomes
- haploid (n)
11
Q
haploid
A
- (n)
- one set of each chromosome
12
Q
diploid
A
- (2n)
- two sets of each chromosome
13
Q
the 23rd pair
A
- sex chromosomes
- homologous in females (XX)
- non-homologous in males (XY)
14
Q
karyotypes
A
- pictures of chromosomes
15
Q
cell cycle
A
- interphase
- mitotic phase
16
Q
interphase
A
- 90% of the cell cycle
- G1 phase
- S phase
- G2 phase
17
Q
G1 phase
A
- interphase
- Gap 1 phase
- cell (not chromosomes) is increasing in size and mass
18
Q
S phase
A
- synthesis
- copy of DNA is made
- makes sister chromatids
19
Q
G2 phase
A
- Gap 2
- makes materials needed for mitosis
- organelles are duplicated
20
Q
centrosome
A
- thing that pulls the chrosomes to the north and south pole
21
Q
mitosis
A
division of the genetic material
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
22
Q
cytokinesis
A
division of the cytoplasm
and its organelles into two seperate and identical cells
23
Q
prophase
A
- sister chromatids shorten and thicken to form chromosomes
- nuclear membrane disappears
- centrosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
24
Q
metaphase
A
- M for middle
- sister chromatids align themselves along the middle
25
anaphase
- A for apart
- chromatids separate
- spindle fibers pull separated chromosomes to opposite centrosomes
26
telophase
- spindle fibers dissolve
- nuclear membrane begins to form
- chromosomes begin to lengthen and form chromatin
27
cytokinesis
- division of the cytoplasm
- cleavage furrow (in animals)
- cell plate (plant cells)
28
summary of mitosis in animal cells
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis
29
summary of mitosis in plant cells
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
30
cloning
- process of identical offspring are formed from a single tissue
31
blastula stage
- embryonic stem cells taken from inner cell mass
32
identical twins
- monozygotic
- clones
33
fraternal twins
- dizygotic
- not clones
34
cancer
- rapid uncontrolled growth of cells
- increases rate of mitosis
35
meiosis
- gametes formation
- diploid --> haploid
- maintains the chromosome # of a species between
36
spermatogenesis
spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocytes, spermatozoa
37
oogenesis
oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, first polar body, ootid, second polar body, ovum
38
meiosis 1
- reduction division
- diploid --> haploid
includes:
- prophase 1
- metaphase 1
- anaphase 1
- prophase 1
39
tetrad
homologous pairs line up gene by gene
40
crossing over
- increases genetic diversity
- exchange of genetic material after intertwining
41
alleles
diff. forms of genes
ex. A or a
42
independant assortment
each pair aligns independant from otehr pairs (in metaphase)
43
meiosis 2
- separation of sister chromatids
- no chromosome duplication between meiosis 1 and 2
44
compare and contrast meiosis to mitosis !
check notes, pg. 23
