Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio 30 > nervous systems > Flashcards

nervous systems Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

nervous system

A

made up of the central and peripheral system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

sensory pathways, motor pathways
- includes the automatic and somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

central nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord
- has grey and white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

(involuntary)
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
- internal environment
- controlled by the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight
- neurons release neurotransmitters norepinephrine
- this converts glycogen to glucose (for energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest
- neurons release neurotransmitter acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

neurons

A
  • respond to physical and chemical stimuli
  • conduct electrochemical signals
  • release chemicals that regulate various body processes
    (found in a nerve, the buncle of nerve fibres, one of the nerve fibres is a neuron)
  • sensory, inter, and motor neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

glial cells

A
  • non-conducting cells
  • outnumber neurons by 50:1
  • nourish neurons, remove their wastes, and protect against infection
  • provide a supporting framework for the NS tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sensory neurons

A
  • PNS
  • take info from the environment to the CNS
  • cell body is found midway through the axon
  • myelinated
  • enters spinal cord through the dorsal route
    (ex. eyes, skin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

interneurons

A
  • link neurons within the body
  • found mainly in the brain and spinal cord
  • CNS
  • unmyelinated and shorter in length
  • link sensory to motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

motor neuron

A
  • PNS
  • relay info from the CNS to the effectors (muscles/glands)
  • myelinated
  • leaves spinal cord through the ventral root
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dendrites

A
  • many
  • highly branched
  • recieve incoming signals
  • conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cell body

A
  • receives impulse from dendrite
  • cell body –> axon
  • contains all major cellular organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

axon

A
  • conduct nerve impulses toward other neurons or to effectors
  • range in length from 1mm to 1m
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

myelin sheath

A
  • many beads of schwann cells
  • thick insulating material
  • wraps many times around the axon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nodes of ranvier

A
  • spaces between schwann cells (exposed axon)
  • nerve impulse travels quickly from one node to another (saltatory conduction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

neurilemma

A
  • surrounds the axon
  • prevents regeneration of damaged axons
  • on all nerve fibres in the PNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

axon terminal

A
  • store neurotransmitters (chemicals that will be released to carry the message across the synapse)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

5 essential components of a reflex arc

A
  • receptor
  • sensory neurony
  • interneuron (in the spinal cord
  • motor neuron
  • effector
    (in that order)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

electrical nature of nerves

A
  • depends on the movement of ions
    across the axon membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

non-voltage gated ion channels

A
  • ions move via diffusion
    some are:
  • open at all times
  • stimulated by chemicals to open/close
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

voltage gated ion channels

A
  • stimulated by a specific charge
  • ions move via diffusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A
  • always active
  • actively transports ions across axon membrane
  • 3 NA+ OUT, 2 K+ IN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

resting membrane potential/polarization

A
  • -70mV (milivolts)
  • negative on inside relative to outside
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
intracellular fluid
- inside the neuron - has negative proteins (too big to leave) - and negative ions (Cl-) (cant leave selectively permeable membrane) - considered to be negatively charged overal
25
threshold
- -55mV
25
action potentials
- nerve impulses - occur in the axon and the dendrites of certain sensory cells - +35mV
26
impulse propagation
- action potential travels down the neuron (signal does not degrade) - depolarization stimulates an action potential in the ajacent region that was at rest
27
saltatory conduction
- can only occur when the axon membrane is exposed - one node of ranvier to another - in myelinated neurons only - shorter recovery - less ion flow - faster transmissions (150m/s)
28
continuous conduction
- every location of the membrane - unmyelinated neurons - slower transmissions (5m/s) - longer recovery
29
intensity detection
increase stimulus --> - more neurons are stimulated - brain interprets a higher # of neurons firing as an increased intensity - increased frequency of action potentials
30
the synapse
- small spaces between neurons or between neurons and effectors
31
neuromuscular junction
- synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle
32
excitatory neurotransmitters
stimulate action potential - voltage becomes more positive (on the graph)
33
inhibitory neurotransmitters
prevent action potential - voltage becomes more negative (on the graph)
34
hyperpolarization
when the membrane potential becomes more negative
35
summation
final outcome of the simultaneous release of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in a synapse
36
grey matter
unmyelinated neurons
37
neuroplasticy
ability of brain to form and recognize synaptic connections
37
white matter
myelinated neurons
38
hind brain
- oldest part of the brain - controls basic life activities (breathing, heartbeat) - includes the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum
39
medulla oblongata
- 1st extension from spinal cord - in the hind brain controls: - heart rate - breathing - swallowing - blood vessell diameter - coughing
40
cerebellum
- in the hind brain - "small brain" - behind the medulla - has grey and white matter - recieves input from specialized sensors located within the skeletal muscles and joints - coordinates and maintains fine control over all motor actions - unconscious control of posture
41
pons
- in the hind brain - between the medulla and midbrain - has part of breathing control system - relays messages from the cerebellum to the cerebrum, midbrain, and other hindbrain centres
42
midbrain
- above the pons - made up of 4 bundles of grey matter - relays visual and auditory info between areas of the hindbrain and forebrain
42
thalamus
- in the forebrain - relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex --> then motor impulses to spinal cord
43
hypothalamus
- in the forebrain - control center for part of the autonomic nervous system - basic drives, emotions, and controls pituatary gland and endocrine systems
44
cerebrum
- largest part of the brain - 2 hemispheres (right and left) - in the forebrain - recieves and processes ALL sensory info. - grey matter on the outside white on the inside
45
corpus callosum
thick band of nerve fibres - connects the cerebral hermispheres
46
cerebral cortex
- in the cerebrum - internal mass of white matter, and a grey outer layer - produces most distinctive traits - sensory perception
47
frontal lobe
- voluntary movement - personality - speech, thought - conscious thoughts
48
temporal lobe
- auditory and visiual - sensory - memory
49
parietal lobe
- recieves info from skin - sensory (touch, temp, taste, pain, pressure)
50
occipital lobe
recieves visual info
51
dorsal
back
52
ventral
front
53
sensory-somatic nervous system
- external environment - controls all muscle movement - part of PNS - voluntary control
54
sensory receptors
- converts energy of stimulus to action potential - some adapt to continuos stimulation (ex. not hearing clock tick anymore)
55
processing sensory info
brain splits sensory input to various areas of the brain
56
types of receptors
- photo - thermo - mechano - chemo
57
the 5 senses and which receptors they use
- taste (gustation) - chemo - smell (olfactory) - chemo - vision - photo - hearing - mechano - balance - mechano
58
smell
upper nasal cavity contains chemoreceptors called olfactory cells
59
touch
proprioceptors in muscles, joints = body position
60
eye layers
- sclera - choroid - retina
61
sclera
- outer eye layer - protects internal structures and maintains the shape of the eye
62
cornea
- the front of the sclera layer - bends light towards the pupil - no blood vessels - recieves dissolved O2 and nutriets from the aqueous humour
63
choroid layer
- middle layer - has blood vessels - gets O2 and nutrients from blood vessels - black interior that prevents stray light from bouncing inside the eye
64
iris
- front of the choroid layer - thin, circular + radical muscles - controls amount of light entering the eye - muscles of the iris constrict/dilate the pupil
65
pupil
- black in colour because of melanin pigment - constriction/dilation of the pupil is influenced by the parasympathetic/sympathetic nervous systems
66
lens
- behind the iris - bends light to focus an image on the retina - image is inverted on the retina
67
ciliary muscles + suspensory ligaments
modify the shape of the lens for a focused image
68
accomodation
changes in the lens shape
69
flattened lens
Far Flat - further is in focus
70
rounded lens
Close Curved - up close is in focus
71
retina
- innermost layer of the eye - has photoreceptors (rods+cones)
72
rods and cones
- photoreceptors - convert light energy into nerve impulses --> bipoar cells --> ganglion cells --> optic nerve --> occipital lobe
73
blind spot
- optic disc - where the optic nerve exits to the brain - photoreceptors are absent here
74
feild of view
- foveal and non-foveal
75
foveal
- central view - foveal centralis of retina - what you see directly in front of you
76
non-foveal
- peripheral vision
77
summary of vision
light, cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, vitreous humour, retina/photoreceptors, optic nerve, occipital lobe
78
myopia and hyperopia
- near-sightedness - far-sightedness
79
sections of ear
outer, middle, inner ear
80
outer ear
- external ear - includes the pinna and auditory canal
81
pinna
funnels sound to the auditory canal
82
auditory canal
- part of the outer ear - narrow tube that concentrates sound - produces ear wax - lined with little hairs
83
middle ear
- includes the tympanum, ossicles, and eustachian tube
84
tympanum
- eardrum - transmitts sound to ossicles which amplifies the sound - sound waves hit the tympanum --> vibrations - air pressure on both sides of the tympanum must be equal for the tympanum to vibrate freely
85
ossicles
- three small bones - moved by vibrations - found in an air filled chamber - last ossicle strikes the oval window - continuous intense sounds --> muscles restrict movement of the ossicles and last ossicle moves away from the oval window to decrease intensity on cochlea
86
oval window
- gets vibrations from the tympanum and ossicles THREE times as loud - gets pushed by the ossicles into the cochlea and moves fluid in the cochlea - inner ear
87
eustachian tube
- in the middle ear - extends from middle ear to the nose and mouth cavities - equalizes air pressure
88
inner ear
- cochlea, semilunar canals, and vesibule
89
cochlea
- has specialized hair cells (mechanoreceptors) - hair cells respond and identify sound waves of different frequencies and intensities - sound waves get turned into fluid
90
hair cells of the organ of corti
- sense the bending of the stereocilia and synapse with the nerve fibres of the auditory nerve - can distinguish the frequency (pitch) and amplitude (intensity/volume) of sound waves
91
frequencies
high - sensed by hairs nearest to the oval window low - stimulates the hair cells that are further from the oval window
92
amplitude
- the louder the noise the greater the pressure
93
semicircular canals
- three fluid filled bone chambers - have hair cells that detect the motion of fluids in the canals - synapse with the vesticular nerve - balances when moving
94
summary of hearing
sound waves --> auditory canal --> tympanum --> ossicles --> oval window --> organ of corti --> auditory nerve --> temporal lobe

bio 30 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions