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Biology 22 (General Zoology) > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

“Cells arise from pre-existing or parent cells.” Who said this?

A

Virchow (1858)

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2
Q

Why is cell division important?

A

It gives rise to growth, renewal and repair of cells, initial immune response, asexual reproduction, and gametogenesis.

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3
Q

What are the two types of cell division in living organisms?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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4
Q

These cells undergo mitosis.

A

Somatic/Body Cells

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5
Q

These cells undergo meiosis.

A

Germ/Sex Cells

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6
Q

What is the difference of mitosis and meiosis in terms of the number of cytoplasmic divisions?

A

Mitosis only has one equational division, while meiosis has one equational and one reductional.

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7
Q

Interkinesis is present in this type of cell division.

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

What is the behavior of chromosomes in mitosis?

A

1) No Pairing; 2) No Chiasmata; and 3) No Crossing-over

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9
Q

What is the behavior of chromosomes in meiosis?

A

1) Pairing of Homologues; 2) Chiasmata Formation; Synapsis

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10
Q

Interkinesis is absent in this type of cell division.

A

Mitosis

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11
Q

What is the nature of the daughter cells produced in mitosis?

A

Diploid and Identical

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12
Q

What is the nature of the daughter cells produced in meiosis?

A

Haploid and Unidentical

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13
Q

What are the two stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and Mitosis

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14
Q

What are the three parts of the interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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15
Q

What two proteins control the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin and Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK)

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16
Q

What protein primarily controls the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin

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17
Q

What is the function of CDK?

A

Regulation of the Cell Cycle

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18
Q

At what part of the interphase does cyclin begin to accumulate?

A

G1

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19
Q

At what part of the interphase does cyclin reach its highest concentration?

A

G2

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20
Q

Cyclin + CDK = ?

A

Mitosis-promoting Factor (MPF)

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21
Q

What is the function of the MPF?

A

It initiates mitosis.

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22
Q

What happens to cyclin after cytokinesis?

A

It will degrade and eventually lead to the stoppage of division.

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23
Q

How much DNA does a unitenic chromosome have?

A

Half

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24
Q

How much DNA does a bitenic chromosome have?

A

One

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25
This is the longest phase of the cell cycle.
G1
26
This is the phase during which the chromosome duplicates.
S
27
This is when the multiplication of organelles happens.
S
28
What happens when a cell decides to become differentiated?
It enters the G0 phase.
29
This is the phase during which the centrosomes duplicate.
S
30
This is the phase during which the enzymes for DNA synthesis are processed.
G1
31
This is the phase during which the membrane components are processed.
G1
32
This is the final stage of the interphase.
G2
33
This is the phase during which protein synthesis takes place.
G2
34
This is when the centrosome separates into two pairs.
G2
35
What does 2N = 4 represent?
Bitenic
36
What does 4N = 8 represent?
Unitenic
37
What are nonkinetochore microtubules?
These the microtubules that are not attached to the chromatid.
38
What are kinetochore microtubules?
These the microtubules that are attached to the chromatid.
39
What are the parts of the mitotic phase?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
40
This is when chromosomes become visible due to coiling.
Prophase
41
This is when mitotic poles become established.
Prophase
42
This is when the nucleus and nucleolus disappears.
Prophase
43
During what stage/s of mitosis do the chromatids become unitenic?
Anaphase and Telophase
44
This is where the chromosomes align during metaphase.
Equatorial/Metaphase Plate
45
What kind of movement do chromosomes undergo during metaphase?
Oscillatory Movements
46
This is when the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.
Metaphase
47
This is when the centromeres split.
Anaphase
48
This is when the chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles.
Anaphase
49
This is when chromatids become individual chromosomes.
Anaphase
50
This is when the chromosomes become less and less distinct.
Telophase
51
This is when the nucleolus reappears.
Telophase
52
During telophase, what reassembles around the tightly coiled chromosomes at each pole?
Nuclear Envelope
53
Where does cytokinesis occur in animal cells?
Periphery
54
Where does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?
Center
55
Why do we study blastula when studying cell division?
They are balls of cells formed after fertilization and are actively dividing.
56
These substances inhibit mitosis by counteracting the growth factors.
Chalones
57
How do chalones work?
They are very specific and affect only the type of tissue in which they are produced.
58
This interferes with he normal functioning of the mitotic spindles?
Colchicine
59
How does colchicine work?
By binding with microtubules
60
What is the effect of the interference of colchicine?
The chromosomes will not be able to separate properly and they end up with an extra set of chromosomes.
61
Plants treated with colchicine are ________ and ________.
Larger and Seedless
62
It is one of the active ingredients of chemotherapy.
Colchicine
63
It is an expression of polyploidy in plants.
Seedless
64
This prevents mitosis by inhibiting protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells.
Antibiotics
65
What are two examples of antibiotics?
Streptomycin and Tetracycline
66
This is the process in which the cells "realize" that it's time to stop multiplying.
Contact Inhibition
67
What can happen if contact inhibition fails?
Uncontrolled Division (e.g. Tumor Growth or Cancer)
68
Astral rays are ______ in animal mitosis.
Present
69
Astral rays are ______ in plant mitosis.
Absent
70
Spindle fibers come from ________ in both animal and plant mitosis.
Centrosomes
71
________ forms in animal mitosis.
Cleavage Furrow
72
________ forms in plant mitosis.
Cell Plate
73
What is the result of Meiosis I?
Two Haploid (N) Cells
74
What is the result of Meiosis II?
Four Haploid (N) Cells
75
What type of division occurs during Meiosis I?
Reductional Division
76
What type of division occurs during Meiosis II?
Equational Division
77
What is the main event of Meiosis I?
Separation of Homologous Chromosomes
78
What is the main event of Meiosis II?
Separation of Sister Chromatids
79
What are the substages of Prophase I?
Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, and Diakinesis
80
Without meiosis, there will be ______ increase in the number of chromosomes.
Geometric
81
This is the formation of sex cells or gametes.
Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis or Oogenesis)
82
What happens during Leptotene?
Chromosomes are polarized and oriented towards the attachment plaque
83
What happens during Zygotene?
Intimate pairing or synapsis between homologous chromosomes
84
What happens during Pachytene?
The appearance of recombination nodule (which appear in later stages as chiasma or point of crossing over)
85
What happens during Diplotene?
Homologous chromosomes start to untwine (desynapsis) and the four chromatids become visible in light microscopy
86
What happens during Diakinesis?
Chromosomes become more visible and detached from the attachment plaque
87
What is the attachment plaque?
A small area on the nuclear membrane
88
What is the function of Leptotene?
For easy recognition of homologous chromosomes before synapsis

Biology 22 (General Zoology) (8 decks)

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