Cell Division and Cell Cycle (Chapter 10) Flashcards
1
Q
Prokaryotic cell division occurs as _____ in which cells divide into two halves.
A
binary fission
2
Q
In prokaryotes, genetic information exists as a _____.
A
nucleoid
single, circular double-stranged DNA molecule
3
Q
Copying of DNA in prokaryotes begins at _____ and proceeds _____.
A
replication origin
bi-directionally
4
Q
In prokaryotic cell division, one genome ends up in each _____.
A
daughter cell
5
Q
FtsZ is a _____ that is essential for cell division in many prokaryotes.
A
bacterial cytoskeletal protein
6
Q
FtsZ ring protein has been shown to be a _____ of eukaryotic tubulin.
A
bacterial homolog
7
Q
FtsZ polymerizes as well as binds and hydrolizes _____ in a polymerization-dependent manner.
A
GTP
8
Q
_____ appears to be associated with FtsZ.
A
Actin-like protein
9
Q
All eukaryotic cells store genetic information in _____.
A
chromosomes
10
Q
Human cells have _____ chromosomes.
A
46
nearly 23 identical pairs
11
Q
Chromosomes are comprised primarily of _____ and _____.
A
DNA
protein
(collectively named chromatin)
12
Q
The p-arm of the chromosome is the _____ side.
A
shorter
13
Q
The q are of the chromosome is the _____ side.
A
longer
14
Q
The _____ is the center of the chromosome.
A
centromere
15
Q
Heterochromatin is _____ because it is _____.
A
dark
not expressed
16
Q
Euchromatin is _____ because it is _____.
A
light
expressed
17
Q
_____ are present at the ends of the chromosome.
A
Telomeres
18
Q
DNA forms a ____ every 200 nucleotides.
A
nucleosome
19
Q
DNA is coiled around _____.
A
histone proteins
20
Q
A nucleosome is a complex of _____ and _____.
A
DNA
histone proteins
21
Q
Nucleosomes promote and guide coiling of _____.
A
DNA
22
Q
A _____ is a DNA duplex coiled around _ histone proteins every _ nucleotides.
A
nucleosome
8
200
23
Q
_____ are positively charged and strongly attracted to negatively charged phosphate groups of _____.
A
Histones
DNA
24
Q
Nucleosomes wrapped into higher order coils are called _____.
A
solenoids
25
Solenoids are _ nm in diameter.
30
26
Solenoids are the usual state of _____.
nondividing (interphase) chromatin
27
During _____, chromatin in _____ is arranged around scaffold of protein to achieve maximum _____.
mitosis
solenoid
compaction
28
Radial looping is aided by _____.
condensin proteins
29
Karyotype
Individual's particular array of chromosomes.
30
Diploid
A cell possessing two copies of each chromosome.
31
Homologous chromosomes are made up of _____ joined at the _____.
sister chromatids
| centromere
32
Haploid
A cell possessing a single copy of each chromosome.
33
Replicated chromosomes are connected to each other at their _____.
kinetochores
34
Cohesin
Complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together.
35
Sister chromatid
2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome.
36
Replication is the process of _____ a chromosome.
duplicating
37
Replicated copies are called _____.
sister chromatids
38
Chromatids are held together at the _____.
centromere
39
The _____ is the complete set of chromosomes of plants and animals.
chromosome complement
40
The nucleus of each somatic cell contains a _____ number of chromosomes typical of the particular species.
fixed
41
Homologous chromosomes are _____.
nearly identical
42
Sister chromatids are _____.
exactly identical
43
The number of chromosomes has little relationship to the _____ of an organism.
complexity
44
The eukaryotic cell cycle (1-5)
1. Gap phase 1
2. Synthesis
3. Gap phase 2
4. Mitosis
5. Cytokinesis
45
Cell Cycle:
| Gap phase 1
Primary (longest, 10hr) growth phase
46
Cell Cycle:
| DNA synthesis
Each chromosome replicates to produce sister chromatids
| 9hr
47
Cell Cycle:
| Gap phase 2
Chromosomes condense, organelles replicate, microtubules organize
4hr
48
Cell Cycle:
| Mitosis
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
1hr
49
Cell Cycle:
| Cytokinesis
Separation of 2 new cells
50
The interphase (non-dividing phase) consists of _____, _____ and _____.
gap phase 1
synthesis
gap phase 2
51
Mitosis separates the chromosomes into _____ and then divides the cell to form two new cells.
two equal groups
52
The stages of mitosis are characterized by the _____ and _____ of the chromosomes.
behavior
| location
53
Mitosis requires the formation of _____.
spindles
54
During mitosis, chromosomes are separated by _____.
mitotic spindles
55
Mitotic spindles are _____, _____ structures composed of _____ that extend between two poles.
symmetrical
bipolar
microtubules
56
At each pole of the mitotic spindle is a _____.
centrosome
57
Spindle formation and function depend on the dynamic behavior of _____ and their _____.
microtubules
| associated motor proteins
58
The mitotic spindle is a complex assembly of microtubules and _____.
microtubule-dependent motor proteins
59
Microtubules in the mitotic spindle are highly organized with respect to their _____.
polarity
60
During mitosis the centrosomes which form the _____ are _____ charged.
poles
| positively
61
Aster
a radial array of microtubules (animals)
62
Prophase (1-5)
1. Chromosomes condense
2. Nuclear envelope disintegrates
3. Centrioles move to poles
4. Mitotic spindle forms
5. Kinetochores mature
63
Prometaphase occurs after _____ of nuclear envelope.
disassembly
64
During prometaphase, microtubules grow from poles and attach to _____.
kinetochores
65
During prometaphase, each sister chromatid is connected to _____.
opposite poles
66
During prometaphase, chromosomes move toward _____.
the center of the cell
| congression
67
During metaphase, chromosomes align in the cell's _____ along the _____.
center
| metaphase plate
68
Anaphase begins when _____ split.
centromeres
69
The key event of anaphase is removal of ____ from all chromosomes.
cohesin proteins
70
During anaphase, _____ are pulled to opposite poles (anaphase-A) and _____ shorten and move apart (anaphase-B).
sister chromatids
| microtubules
71
During telophase, _____ disassembles.
spindle apparatus
72
During telophase, a _____ forms around each set of sister chromatids (now called _____)
nuclear envelope
| chromosomes
73
During telophase, chromosomes begin to _____.
uncoil
74
During telophase, the _____ reappears in each new nucleus.
nucleolus
75
During telophase, the _____ and _____ re-form.
golgi complex
| endoplasmic reticulum
76
Cleavage of a cell into two halves during cytokinesis in animal cells occurs by the formation of _____.
a constriction belt of actin filaments
77
Cleavage of a cell into two halves during cytokinesis in plant cells occurs by the formation of _____.
a cell plate
78
Mitosis occurs within the nucleus in _____ and _____.
fungi
| protists
79
During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm is partitioned to form _____.
two new daughter cells
80
Division of a cell during the late anaphase occurs through the _____ of the _____ at the ______.
contraction
contractile ring
midbody
81
The contractile ring is composed largely of _____ and _____; constriction is driven by _____.
actin
myosin
their interaction
82
The two irreversible points in the cell cycle are:
1. Replication of genetic material
| 2. Separation of sister chromatids
83
During the cell cycle, the cell can be _____ at specific checkpoints.
put on hold
84
The first checkpoint in the cell cycle is at the end of _____.
gap phase 1
| Primary point for external signal influence
85
The second checkpoint in the cell cycle is at the end of _____.
gap phase 2
86
The third checkpoint in the cell cycle is at _____, known as the _____.
late metaphase
| spindle checkpoint
87
At the gap phase 2 checkpoint, the cell assesses _____ and _____.
success of DNA replication
| makes a commitment to mitosis
88
At the late metaphase checkpoint, the cell ensures that all _____ are attached to the _____.
chromosomes
| spindle
89
A fundamental feature of the cell cycle is that it is a true cycle: _____.
it is not reversible
90
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are enzymes that _____.
phosphorylate proteins
91
_____ are the primary mechanism of cell cycle control.
Cyclin-dependent kinases
| Cdks
92
Cdks partner with different _____ at different points in the cell cycle.
cyclins
93
Cdk itself is also controlled by _____.
phosphorylation
94
Cdk
cyclin complex
(mitosis-promoting factor)
(MPF)
95
Activity of Cdk is also controlled by the pattern of _____.
phosphorylation
96
Phosphorylation at two sites of Cdk _____ or _____ Cdk.
activate
| inactivate
97
_____ is necessary for MPF function.
M phase cyclin
98
Activity of MPF is controlled by inhibitory phosphorylation of the kinase component, _____.
Cdc2
99
Damage to DNA acts through a complex pathway to tip the balance of phosphorylation toward _____.
inhibition of MPF
100
The anaphase-promoting complex (_____) is also called _____ (____).
APC
cyclosome
C
101
Function of the APC/C is to trigger _____.
anaphase
102
Before G1/S checkpoint, _____ is inactive.
Cdk2
103
After G1/S checkpoint, Cdk2 is _____.
active
104
Before G2/M checkpoint, _____ is inactive.
Cdk1
105
After G2/M checkpoint, Cdk1 is _____.
active
106
Before the spindle checkpoint, APC is _____.
inactive
107
After the spindle checkpoint, _____ is active.
APC
108
Cdk2 partners with _____.
Cyclin E
109
Cdk1 partners with _____.
Cyclin B
110
_____ Cdks control the cell cycle in eukaryotes.
Multiple
111
A single _____ controls the cell cycle in yeasts.
Cdk
112
Growth factors act by triggering _____.
intracellular signaling systems
113
Platelet-derived growth factor (_____) is an RTK that initiates _____ to stimulate _____.
PDGF
MAP kinase cascade
cell division
114
_____ can override cellular controls that otherwise _____ cell divison.
Growth factors
| inhibit
