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Biology > Structure of DNA (Chapter 14) > Flashcards

Structure of DNA (Chapter 14) Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific name of green algae

A

Acetabularia

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2
Q

The hammerling experiment discovered _____.

A

hereditary information is stored in the cell’s nucleus

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3
Q

Hammerling’s reciprocal graft experiment discovered _____.

A

the nucleus in the base of the mushroom determines the type of cap regenerated

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4
Q

The griffith experiment documented _____.

A

movement of genes from one organism to another (transformation).

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5
Q

The griffith experiment discovered _____.

A

movement of material can alter the genetic makeup of the recipient cell

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6
Q

Griffith’s discovery of transformation used _____ and mice.

A

S. pneuomoniae

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7
Q

The avery experiment discovered _____ and _____.

A

removal of almost all lipid and protein from bacteria didn’t reduce transforming activity

DNase destroys all transforming activity

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8
Q

The hershey-chase experiment discovered _____ by _____.

A

hereditary information was DNA, not protein

labeling DNA and protein with radioactive isotope tracer

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9
Q

_____ is the transforming agent allowing rough bacteria to make a smooth coat an allow infection.

A

DNA

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10
Q

A virus has a _____ “head” and a _____ core.

A

protein

DNA

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11
Q

Infection occus when a virus injects _____ into _____.

A

DNA

a bacterial cell

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12
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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13
Q

DNA is a ____.

A

nucleic acid

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14
Q

DNA is composed of _____.

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

Deoxyribose is a _____.

A

five-carbon sugar

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16
Q

The nitrogenous base of DNA can be _____ (A), _____ (T), _____ (C), and _____ (G).

A

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

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17
Q

DNA is composed of a _____, _____, _____, and a _____.

A

5-carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base
free hydroxyl group

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18
Q

Purine nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA are _____ (A) and _____ (G).

A

adenine

guanine

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19
Q

Pyrimidine nitrogenous bases are _____ (C), _____ (T), and _____ (U).

A

Cytosine (DNA+RNA)
Thymine (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)

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20
Q

The chain of nucleotides has a ‘-to-’ orientation.

A

5

3

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21
Q

The bond formed between adjacent nucleotides is a ______ bond.

A

phosphodiester

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22
Q

Erwin Chargaff determined that _____, _____, and _____.

Chargaff’s Rules

A

amount of adenine = thymine

amount of cytosine = guanine

proportion of purines and pyrimidines are equal

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23
Q

Rosalind Franklin performed X-ray diffraction studies to discover _____.

A

the 3D helical structure of DNA

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24
Q

DNA has a diameter of _ nm and makes a complete turn of the helix every _ nm.

A

2

3.4

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25
_____ and _____ deduced the structure of DNA.
James Watson | Francis Crick
26
_____ (A) forms _____ bonds with _____(T).
Adenine 2 hyrdrogen thymine
27
_____ (G) forms _____ bonds with _____ (C).
Guanine 3 hydrogen cytosine
28
Hydrogen bonds between DNA bases break to allow _____.
strand separation
29
Each DNA strand is a _____ for the synthesis of a new strand.
template
30
Template strands determine the sequence of bases in the _____.
daughter strand | complementary base pairing rules
31
Conservative (____) | organization of DNA strands
rejected | old/old + new/new
32
Semiconservative (_____) | organization of DNA strands
supported | old/new + old/new
33
Dispersive (_____) | organization of DNA strands
rejected | mixed old and new on each strand
34
To test the potential mechanisms for organization of DNA strands, E. coli grew in media with _____ and then in media with _____.
heavy nitrogen | lighter nitrogen
35
Replication of DNA is _____.
semiconservative
36
The junction of the unwound molecules of DNA is a _____.
replication fork
37
A new strand is formed by pairing complementary bases with the _____.
old strand
38
DNA replication produces _ molecules of DNA.
2
39
DNA replication produces strands, each containing one _____ and _____ strand.
old | new
40
_____ are the mechanism for DNA replication.
Enzymes
41
The building blocks to make a copy of DNA are _____.
nucleotide triphosphates
42
DNA replication consists of three stages:
Initiation Elongation Termination
43
Initiation always occurs at _____.
the same site
44
The majority of replication is spent in the _____ phase.
elongation
45
_____ cannot link the first nucleotides in a newly synthesized strand of DNA.
DNA polymerase
46
_____ constructs an RNA primer.
RNA polymerase
47
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the _' end of DNA.
3
48
The leading strand replicates _____ the replication fork.
toward
49
The lagging strand elongates _____ the replication fork.
from the
50
One strand of the newly made DNA is synthesized continuously. This is the _____ strand.
leading
51
The _____ strand is made in small precursor fragments, known as _____ .
lagging strand | Okazaki fragments
52
Okazaki fragments are _____ base pairs in length.
100-200
53
DNA polymerase matches existing DNA bases with _____ and links them.
complementary nucleotides
54
DNA polymerase synthesizes in a _'-to-_' direction.
5 | 3
55
DNA polymerase requires _____.
a primer of RNA
56
Replicon
DNA controlled by an origin
57
E. coli has _ DNA polymerases.
3
58
DNA polymerase I | pol I
Acts on lagging strand to remove primers and replace them with DNA.
59
DNA polymerase II | pol II
Involved in DNA repair processes
60
DNA polymerase III | pol III
Main replication enzyme
61
Prokaryotic DNA polymerases have _'-to-_' exonuclease activity. (proofreading)
3 | 5
62
DNA polymerase I (pol I) has _'-to-_' exonuclease activity.
5 | 3
63
Unwinding DNA causes _____.
torsional strain
64
Helicases
use energy from ATP to unwind DNA
65
Single-strand-binding proteins (SSBs) coat strands to _____.
keep them apart
66
_____ prevents supercoiling.
Topoisomerase
67
_____ is used in prokaryotic DNA replication to prevent supercoiling.
DNA gyrase
68
Eukaryotes usually have _____ origins of replication.
multiple
69
DNA polymerase can synthesize in _ direction(s).
1
70
The leading strand is synthesized continuously from _____.
an initial primer
71
The lagging strand is synthesized _____ with multiple _____.
discontinuously | priming events
72
A _____ forms a "sliding clamp" to keep it attached to the leading strand.
beta-subunit

Biology (5 decks)

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