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YR1 MCD Cell Pathology > Cell injury > Flashcards

Cell injury Flashcards

1
Q

what is lethal cell injury?

A

produces cell death

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2
Q

what is sublethal cell injury?

A

produces injury not amounting to cell death - may be reversible or may progress to cell death

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3
Q

list the 8 causes of cell injury

A

1) Oxygen deprivation
2) Chemical agents
3) Infectious agents
4) Nutritional imbalances
5) Physical agents
6) Immunological reactions
7) Ageing
8) Genetic defects

oxygen came into nuts, particularly ice age generation

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4
Q

what does the cellular response to injurious stimuli depend on?

A
  • the type of injury
  • the duration
  • the severity
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5
Q

what do the consequences of an injurious stimuli depend on?

A
  • the type of cell
  • the status of that cell
  • its adaptability
  • its genetic makeup
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6
Q

what 4 intracellular systems are particularly vulnerable and often interlinked?

A

1) cell membrane integrity
2) ATP generation
3) protein synthesis
4) the integrity of the genetic apparatus (DNA and RNA)

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7
Q

list the 6 cellular adaptations to injury

A

1) atrophy
2) hypertrophy
3) hyperplasia
4) metaplasia
5) dysplasia
6) apoptosis

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8
Q

what is atrophy?

A

shrinkage in the size of the cell (or organ) by the loss of cell substance but the same number of cells are present

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9
Q

give 2 examples of atrophy

A
  • brain atrophy (dementia)

- muscle atrophy

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10
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in the size of cells and consequently an increase in the size of the organ, caused by increased functional demand or specific hormone stimulation, which can be physiological or pathological

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11
Q

give examples of physiological hypertrophy

A
  • heart size increasing due to pregnancy
  • heart size increasing in athletes
  • hypertrophy of the uterus during pregancy
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12
Q

give an example of pathological hypertrophy

A
  • heart size increasing to due to raised BP
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13
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

an increase in the number of cells in an organ, which can be physiological or pathological

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14
Q

what is physiological hyperplasia?

A

hormonal or compensatory

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15
Q

what is pathological hyperplasia?

A

due to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factor stimulation

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16
Q

give an example of physiological hyperplasia

A

proliferative endometrium

17
Q

give an example of pathological hyperplasia

A

carcinoma

18
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another, which can be either physiological or pathological

19
Q

give an example of physiological metaplasia

A

at puberty/during pregnancy the cervical canal opens up resulting in columnar cells becoming squamous for some time

20
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features of malignancy due to increased mitosis, but not invading the underlying tissue

21
Q

what is attempted at the dysplasia stage?

A

screening to diagnose cancer at it leads to more successful treatment

22
Q

what are the light microscopic changes associated with reversible injury?

A
  • fatty change: alcoholic fatty change due to excessive alcohol consumption, leading to liver disease
  • cellular swelling: ballooning degeneration due to damage of the cell membrane
23
Q

what are the light microscopic changes associated with irreversible injury?

A
  • coagulative necrosis: cells are dead but still visible (e.g. during MI)
  • liquefactive necrosis: normal cell structure disappears (e.g. in cerebral infarction)
  • caseous necrosis: “cheesy” necrosis resulting in normal cell structure disappearing but granular materials remaining (e.g. in pulmonary TB)
  • fat necrosis: a result of inflammation of the pancreas - when the pancreas is damaged lipase is released
24
Q

what is necrosis?

A

confluent cell death (death of cells next to each other) associated with inflammation

25
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed, single cell death with no inflammation, which is energy dependent and where cells are phagocytized by macrophages

26
Q

what are the causes of apoptosis?

A
  • embryogenesis
  • deletion of auto-reactive T cells in the thymus
  • hormone-dependent physiological involution
  • cell deletion in proliferating populations
  • a variety of mild injurious stimuli that cause irreparable DNA damage that triggers cell suicide pathways
27
Q

list 3 differences between apoptosis and necrosis

A

1) apoptosis may be physiological, necrosis is not
2) apoptosis is an active energy dependent process, necrosis is not
3) apoptosis is not associated with inflammation, necrosis is

28
Q

what is necroptosis?

A
  • energy dependent cell death
  • associated with inflammation unlike apoptosis
  • caused by viral infections

YR1 MCD Cell Pathology (6 decks)

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