Cell Injury and Death Flashcards
(25 cards)
Pathology
the study of suffering
study of diseases
Epidemiology
Study of how diseases spread and are controlled
4 aspects to pathology
Etiology-causation of disease
Pathogenesis-disease creating
Morphological alterations-gross and micro, structural changes
Clinical significance-impact
Barrett Esophagus
- Gasto-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- 10% develop Barrett
- Prolonged injury
- Cellular metaplasia
- risk of cancer
Physiologic
result of normal process
Pathogenic
result of disease or trauma
Atrophy
cellular shrinkage
ex: brain death
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size
ex: menstruation
Hyperplasia
increase in cell number
ex: menstruation
Metaplasia
change in cell type
ex: Barrett esophagus
Causes of cell injury
Hypoxia-lack of oxygen Reactive Oxidative species Chemicals Infectious agents Immunological reactions Genetic defects Nutritional imbalances Physical agents Aging
Cellular swelling
increase in water (hydropic change) reversible Organ-if many cells swelling -pallor -increased turgor -increased weight
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
blebbing->phagocytosed
plasma membrane intect
Necrosis
irreversible
nuclear degeneration->disappears
4 types: Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fat
-also gangrene
Coagulative Necrosis
kidneys, heart, adrenal glands
protein denaturation
secondary to acute ischemia (loss of blood to area)
fibrosis and scarring occurs
Liquefactive necrosis
neurons and glial cells of the brain release of hydolytic enzymes, digest tissue Pyogenic tissue irregular borders, can leave void space can be caused by stroke or brain injury
Caseous necrosis
Tuberculosis pulmonary infection
combo of coagulative and liquifactive
Fat necrosis
breast, pancreas, abdominal organs
lipases, hard and chalky
Gangrenous necrosis
clinical term, not really necrosis
dry-type of coagulative, but on skin
wet-internal
Gas gangrene-anaerobic bacteria infection
Autophagy
cell degrading own components
Hypoxia occurs because
decreased mitochondrial activity->lower ATP levels
- ion pump failure
- glycogen decrease
- decreased protein synthesis
Calcium can be bad because
damages the plasma membrane->calcium infiltrates
Hemosiderin
uptake of iron
bruises
Lipofuschin
uptake of parts of organelles
breakdown of organelles
