Cell Injury and Death

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

the study of suffering

study of diseases

Question 2

Epidemiology

Answer 2

Study of how diseases spread and are controlled

Question 3

4 aspects to pathology

Answer 3

Etiology-causation of disease
Pathogenesis-disease creating
Morphological alterations-gross and micro, structural changes
Clinical significance-impact

Question 4

Barrett Esophagus

Answer 4

• Gasto-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• 10% develop Barrett
• Prolonged injury
• Cellular metaplasia
• risk of cancer

Question 5

Physiologic

Answer 5

result of normal process

Question 6

Pathogenic

Answer 6

result of disease or trauma

Question 7

Atrophy

Answer 7

cellular shrinkage

ex: brain death

Question 8

Hypertrophy

Answer 8

increase in cell size

ex: menstruation

Question 9

Hyperplasia

Answer 9

increase in cell number

ex: menstruation

Question 10

Metaplasia

Answer 10

change in cell type

ex: Barrett esophagus

Question 11

Causes of cell injury

Answer 11

Hypoxia-lack of oxygen
Reactive Oxidative species
Chemicals
Infectious agents
Immunological reactions
Genetic defects
Nutritional imbalances
Physical agents
Aging

Question 12

Cellular swelling

Answer 12

increase in water (hydropic change)
reversible
Organ-if many cells swelling
-pallor
-increased turgor
-increased weight

Question 13

Apoptosis

Answer 13

programmed cell death
blebbing->phagocytosed
plasma membrane intect

Question 14

Necrosis

Answer 14

irreversible
nuclear degeneration->disappears
4 types: Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous, Fat
-also gangrene

Question 15

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 15

kidneys, heart, adrenal glands
protein denaturation
secondary to acute ischemia (loss of blood to area)
fibrosis and scarring occurs

Question 16

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 16

neurons and glial cells of the brain
release of hydolytic enzymes, digest tissue
Pyogenic tissue
irregular borders, can leave void space
can be caused by stroke or brain injury

Question 17

Caseous necrosis

Answer 17

Tuberculosis pulmonary infection

combo of coagulative and liquifactive

Question 18

Fat necrosis

Answer 18

breast, pancreas, abdominal organs

lipases, hard and chalky

Question 19

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 19

clinical term, not really necrosis
dry-type of coagulative, but on skin
wet-internal
Gas gangrene-anaerobic bacteria infection

Question 20

Autophagy

Answer 20

cell degrading own components

Question 21

Hypoxia occurs because

Answer 21

decreased mitochondrial activity->lower ATP levels

• ion pump failure
• glycogen decrease
• decreased protein synthesis

Question 22

Calcium can be bad because

Answer 22

damages the plasma membrane->calcium infiltrates

Question 23

Hemosiderin

Answer 23

uptake of iron

bruises

Question 24

Lipofuschin

Answer 24

uptake of parts of organelles

breakdown of organelles

Question 25

The gross appearance of the myocardium from a 58 year old man who was admitted with chest pain, is most consistent with which of the following microscopic changes

Answer 25

coagulative necrosis