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Pathology (BIO 320) > Exam 2 material > Flashcards

Exam 2 material Flashcards

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0
Q

Hypersensitivity Type II

A

Tissue specific/antibody mediated, B-cells. Prod. of IgG & IgM, typically in blood transfusions. Antibody finds antigen and forms complex in the tissue. Common in post-strep infection
Outcomes: inflammation, auto-antibody production (Myasenthia Gravis, Graves Disease)

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1
Q

Hypersensitivity Type I

A

IgE-meditated, B-cells. Normal allergic response, IgE normally low (except in Atopic indiv.)
Symptoms: most due to vasoactive amines, itching, edema, runny nose, red eyes
Examples: anaphylaxis, food/environ. allergy, wasp/bee venom, drugs

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2
Q

Hypersensitivity Type III

A

Immune-complex mediated, B-cells. Prod. of IgG & IgM. Antibody-antigen complex circulates, get stuck in organ that filters
Often found in organs that filter (kidney->glomerulonephritis, joints->reactive arthritis)

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3
Q

Hypersensitivity Type IV

A

Cell mediated, T-cells (CD4 or CD8). CD4 results in slower death than CD8. Chronic conditions, reaction takes more time
Ex: Crohn’s, dermatitis, MS, DM Type I, Hashimoto disease, RA, Celiac disease, Transplant rejection

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4
Q

Transplant Rejection

A

Type IV hypersensitivity
Can be direct (CD8) or indirect (CD4) recognition
Use immunosuppressant drugs

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5
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A 
Systemic Lupus erythermatosus: type III (cutaneous, drug, fetal)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Type IV, might be antigen in collagen II
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6
Q

B-Cell Immune deficiencies

A

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton disease): B-cells cannot differentiate to make functional antibodies, sex-linked
IgA deficiency: most common primary deficiency, trouble making IgA, so infections where IgA normally found

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7
Q

T-cell deficiencies

A

DiGeorge Syndrome: partial/complete lack of thymus, so no mature T-cells/low levels or T-cells. Difficulty fighting infections. Peds-thymus transplant

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8
Q

Severe Combined immune deficiency disease

A

SCIDS, ADA deficiency
no B or T cells
highly susceptible to infectious agents
Bubble boy disease

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9
Q

Glial cells in both systems

A

CNS: Microglial, astrocytes, ependymal, oligodendrocytes
PNS: Satellite, Schwann

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10
Q

Broca’s area

A

ability to form speech (motor)

know what they want to say, cannot find right word

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11
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

posterior
ability to understand speech (sensory)
speaks “normal”, but doesn’t know what they’re saying

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12
Q

Cerebral edema causes

A

Cytotoxic: usually insult from toxin, acute cerebral ischemia, glial cells enlarge
Vasogenic: endothelial cells too leaky, fluid leaks out, high altitude cerebral edema

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13
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Not draining CSF fast enough, or making too much

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14
Q

Brain herniation

A

increase in intracranial pressure
possible from edema, hydrocephalus, trauma
lead to infarct b/c no blood to pressurized cavity
Types: subfalcine (relocates midline), Uncinate (pushes into stem), Tonsilar (at back of throat on brain stem)

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15
Q

Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)

A

abnormality, blood vessel problem
3 processes can cause:
Thrombotic occlusion (vessel inner lining simulates a clot, localized)
Embolic occlusion (disease in vessel decreases opening, clot stick here, localized)
Vessel rupture (leads to hemorrhage)

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16
Q

Cerebral ischemia (global)

A

blood flow compromized, widespread ischemia and hypoxic injury
brain cells die in 4-6 minutes
unconscious in under 10 seconds
Mild: confusion, recover
Severe: neuronal death, death, vegetative state

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17
Q

Cerebral ischemia (focal/local)

A

usually arterial occlusion
leads to infarction
may not lose fxn if focal, because other parts of the brain can profuse
permanent compromise
TIA (transient ischemic attacks): temporary blood loss, reversible

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18
Q

Acute brain trauma

A

insult to brain
Blunt (common) or open
Coup: brain strikes anterior side
Contrecoup: strikes anterior side, then recoils to posterior
DAI (diffuse aconal injury): shaken baby syndrome
Focal: concussion, contusion, hematoma

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19
Q

Meningitis

A

infection of dura and arachnoid mater
viral, bacterial, fungal
Symptoms: photophobia, neck stiffness, irritability

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20
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

A

mutation or prion

rapid dementia

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21
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

demyelinating autoimmune disease

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22
Q

Alzheimers

A

common form of dementia
beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (plaque/scar tissue in brain)
first appears as disorder of higher brain functions (forgetfulness)

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23
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

depigmentation of substantia nigra (loss of dopamine production, which normally stops unwanted tremors)
don’t understand what causes
sometimes in people with lots of brain injuries

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24
Uncinate vasciculous
connection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas, important for speech
25
Neurobiotaxis
movement of neuron to make connections | brain wiring determines type of person
26
Organizations of brain function
Caudal to rostral (head to tail): higher up=higher order, lower=more basal fxn Sensory-motor dichotomy (back to front) Laterality of function (right to left): which hemisphere mediates which functions
27
Important brain regions
posterior: sensory, anterior: motor temporal lobe: linguistic. cerebellum: everything Frontal lobes: programming, personality, behavior, reasoning, attention, concentration Hippocampus: long term memory, easily injured Amygdala: tells hippocampus what to learn/memorize
28
Amnesia
Wernickes-Korsakoff syndrome: severe alcohol intake Neoplasms: tumors on hippocampus Herpes encephalitis: attack hippocampus
29
Neoplasm
new growth
30
Dysplasia
malformation
31
-oma
tumor
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-sarcoma
connective tissue from mesoderm
33
-emia
blood
34
-carcinoma
superficial, epithelial cells
35
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
pre-cancer before it's metastasized, noninvasive
36
Adenocarcinoma
epithelium of glandular tissue (prostrate)
37
Leukemia
cancer of blood or bone marrow
38
Lymphoma
cancer within lymphatics
39
Rhabdomyosarcoma
benign tumor in skeletal muscle, has anaplastic and pleomorphic cells
40
Anaplasia
loss of organization, nucleus size increase
41
Pleomorphic
abnormal size and shape
42
Carcinogen
anything that can cause DNA mutation
43
Characteristics of a benign neoplasm
``` slow growth/low mitosis well-defined border noninvasive cells well-differentiated no metastasis not called cancer, could be pre-cancer ```
44
Characteristics of a malignant neoplasm
``` rapid growth/high motosis undefined border invade local tissues poor differentiation, looks different from surrounding tissue possibility of metastasis called cancer ```
45
Telomerase
lengthens telomeres that naturally shorten as DNA is replicated, loses efficiency with age cancer cells can hijak function and divide limitlessly
46
Characteristics of a cancer cell
``` self-sufficient in growth signals insensitive to anti-growth signals tissue invasion/metastasis limitless reproductive potential sustained angiogenesis evading apoptosis ```
47
p53
tumor-suppressing gene upregulated with DNA damage to repair or signal apoptosis if mutated, cells can become cancerous with DNA mutation
48
Retinoblastoma (Rb)
allows for/blocks transcription based on phosphorylated (w/ P=allowed, w/out=prevent
49
Tumor markers
Her2, PSA
50
Causes for carcinogens
``` chronic inflammation (ulcerative colitis->colon cancer) infection (HPV->cervical cancer) Environmental factors (UV radiation, air pollution) ```
51
Endocrine system
secretes hormones directly into bloodstread
52
Exocrine
secretes proteins/hormones into ducts that open to outside environment
53
Paracrine
local signaling
54
Autocrine
"self" signaling
55
Classes of hormones
Peptides: fragments of proteins Steroids: derived from cholesterol Monoamines: derived from tyrosine Eicosanoids: derived from arachadonic acis
56
Synergistic hormone interaction
combined effects of two hormones greater than either individually or sum
57
Antagonistic hormone interaction
two hormones with opposing actions (insulin and glucagon)
58
Permissive hormone interaction
one hormone enhances tissue's response to second hormone (estrogen & progesterone)
59
Hypothalamus hormones
located beneath thalamus | TRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH/GHIG, PRF/PIF
60
Anterior pituitary hormones
one of the major organs in endocrine system | TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH, GH
61
Posterior pitutary hormones
ADH, oxytocin
62
Types of adenomas
Functional: tumor producing hormone, but not correct amounts Silent: hormone manufactured, but non-functional Hormone negative: no hormone produced or detected
63
Hyperpituitarism
could be caused by prolactinoma (most common functional adenoma) high levels of prolactin Women: galactorrhea (spont. milk), amenorrhea (no period) Men: oligospermia, reduced libido, ED Other effects: optic chiasm or cranial nerve impingement, gigantism (childhood), acromegaly (adulthood)
64
Hypopitutarism
caused by: infarction, TBI, infection, surgical damace Signs/symptoms depend on hormone Sheehan syndrome: pituitary normally increases in size during pregnancy, but can have postpartum hemorrhage during childbirth
65
Hyperthyroidism
over-active thyroid, thyrotoxicosis Primary: commonly caused by Graves disease, could be toxic goiter or functional adenoma Secondary: hypersecretion of TSH from anterior pituitary
66
Hypothyroidism
under-active thyroid congenital hypothyroidism: cretinism Primary: autoimmunity, thyroiditis, endemic goiter, antithyroid drugs. Hashimoto disease. Diagnose by levels of TSH (normal=thyroid, low, then AP) Secondary: congential abnormality, loss of tissue after hyper treatment, cretinism
67
Diabetes insipidus
"syphen without taste" loss of fluid into urine Symptoms: polydipsea (thirst), polyurea (excessive urine), hypernutremia (excessive sodium in blood) Types: neurogenic (common, PP neurons not enough ADH), nephrohenic (kidney unresponsive to levels of ADH, end-stage renal failure
68
Diabetes Mellitus
"siphoning sweet like honey" Type I: inability to produce appropriate amounts of insulin Type II: inability to respond to insulin, beta cell dysfunction Symptoms: polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, weight loos (I), weight gain (II), ketoacidosis (ketones for fuel, pH dec.), hyperinsulinema (II), hyper tension, fatigue, parasthesias (tingling), infections
69
DM treatments
I: insulin injection II: various drugs

Pathology (BIO 320) (8 decks)

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