cell injury, cell death, cell adaptations

Question 1

pathology

Answer 1

study of disease (pathos, suffering)

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

origin of disease, including underlying causes and modifiers; why a disease occurs

Question 3

pathogenesis

Answer 3

development of disease, from molecular/cellular changes to functional and structural abnormalities; how a disease occurs

Question 4

_________ is common to all forms of pathology

Answer 4

cell injury

Question 5

clinical signs and symptoms of disease are usually __________ from the biochemical changes associated with cell injury

Answer 5

several steps removed

Question 6

_________ results from disruption of one or more components that maintain viability and induces a cascade of effects

Answer 6

cell injury

Question 7

cell injury may be _______, may result in ________, or lead to ________

Answer 7

reversible, cell adaption, cell death

Question 8

some causes of cell injury

Answer 8

hypoxia, infectious agents, physical injury, chemicals/drugs, immune response, genetic abnormalities, nutritional imbalance

Question 9

cellular targets

Answer 9

cell membranes, mitochondria, cell proteins, DNA

Question 10

cell injury mechanisms

Answer 10

atp depletion, generation of ROS, loss of Ca homeostasis, altered membrane permeability, mitochondrial damage, dna and protein damage

Question 11

generation of ROS species is associated with

Answer 11

inflammation, oxygen toxicity, chemical/drugs, radiation, aging

Question 12

ROS- cell injury

Answer 12

lipid peroxidation, protein fragmentation, single strand breaks in DNA

Question 13

ROS causes _______ breaks

Answer 13

single-stranded

Question 14

ROS control

Answer 14

enzymes, antioxidants, serum proteins that reduce/bind iron and copper needed to catalyze the formation of ROS

Question 15

Ca induced cell injury

Answer 15

problem with membrane permeability effs up Ca balance, influx of Ca has multiple detrimental effects

Question 16

Other causes of cell membrane injury

Answer 16

complement (C5-C9 MAC), cytotoxic T and NK cells, viruses, bacterial endotoxins and exotoxins, drugs

Question 17

biochemical alterations occur prior to

Answer 17

morphologic changes

Question 18

the degree of cell injury is determined by

Answer 18

physiologic state of the cell, intensity of insult, duration of insult, # of exposures to insult

Question 19

reversible cell injury is often

Answer 19

an acute process

Question 20

reversible cell injury is cell injury of

Answer 20

short duration and low intensity

Question 21

causes of reversible cell injury include

Answer 21

ischemia, exposure to toxins, infectious agents, and thermal injury

Question 22

plasma membrane injury leads to

Answer 22

increased intracellular Na that leads to an isosmotic gain in water and cell swelling

Question 23

cell death occurs when the insult

Answer 23

overcomes compensation mechanisms

Question 24

there is no signature __________ that equates with cell death

Answer 24

biochemical event

Question 25

morphologic types of necrosis

Answer 25

coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, enzymatic(fat)

Question 26

necrosis type is dependent upon

Answer 26

patterns of enzymatic degradation of cells and extracellular matrix, the type of necrotic debris, and by bacterial products when present

Question 27

coagulative necrosis

Answer 27

cell outline, pink cytoplasm, anucleated cells

Question 28

caseous necrosis is seen in

Answer 28

tuberculosis

Question 29

apoptosis is a maintainer of

Answer 29

homeostasis (normal cell turnover, embryogenesis, immune function)

Question 30

excessive apoptosis or inhibition of apoptosis can be seen in different diseases

Answer 30

cool

Question 31

morphology of apoptosis

Answer 31

chromatin condensation, progressive cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing apoptotic bodies, phagocytosis--no inflammation

Question 32

necrosis vs apoptosis

Answer 32

necrosis=pathologic, cell swelling/cell lysis and inflammation apoptosis=physiologic or pathologic, cell shrinkage, no inflammation

Question 33

cells undergo ________________ due to persistent (chronic) stress/injury

Answer 33

adaptive changes

Question 34

cellular adaptations can be

Answer 34

changes in size, number, differentiation, abnormal intracellular accumulations

Question 35

atrophy

Answer 35

decrease in cell size and function with concurrent decrease in organ size and/or function

Question 36

etiologies of atrophy

Answer 36

decreased workload, loss of innervation, decreased blood supply, inadequate nutrition, decreased hormonal stimulation, aging, local pressure

Question 37

hypertrophy

Answer 37

increase in cell size and function with concurrent increase in organ size and/or function

Question 38

etiologies of hypertrophy

Answer 38

increased functional demand, increased or imbalanced nutrition, increased hormonal stimulation

Question 39

hyperplasia

Answer 39

increase in cell number with concurrent increase in organ size and or function

Question 40

hyperplasia can be caused by

Answer 40

chronic irritation

Question 41

metaplasia

Answer 41

alteration in cell differentiation with concurrent alteration of tissue/organ function

Question 42

examples of cellular accumulations

Answer 42

fatty liver, cholesterol accumulation, protein accumulation, glycogen storage disease, exogenous carbon pigment, amalgam tattooing, endogenous pigments