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Cell organization Flashcards

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1
Q

Compare and contrast the organization of prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells:
- lack a nucleus and internal-membrane enclosed compartments
- include bacteria and archaea
- much smaller than eukaryotes

Eukaryotes:
- cells have a nucleus and organelles
- include animals, plants, fungi, protists

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2
Q

What are two key structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

A

Cell wall and chloroplasts

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3
Q

What is the main difference in vacuoles between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have one large central vacuole; animal cells have small or no vacuoles

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4
Q

What are the common eukaryotic organelles?

A

Mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole

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5
Q

What is an organelle?

A

It is a membrane bound structure found within a cell that perform various jobs to keep the cell alive

it divides the cell into smaller separated spaces for different functions

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6
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

convert nutrients into usable energy (ATP) for the cell through cellular respiration

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7
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy through photosynthesis

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8
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

controls and regulates the activities of the cell and carries the genes

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9
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A
  • receives proteins and lipids from the ER and directs them to their final destinations
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10
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

They break down macromolecules such as proteins into simpler compounds that can be used by the cell

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11
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

membrane-bound sac inside cells that stores water, nutrients, waste, and other materials

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12
Q

What is the vacuole like in animal cells?

A
  • smaller and more numerous
  • mainly for storage and sometimes transport
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13
Q

If a cell has a lot of mitochondria, what is its likely function?

A

Producing energy

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14
Q

Which organelle is needed for producing energy?

A

Mitochondria

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15
Q

If a cell has a lot of rough ER and ribosomes, what is it likely doing?

A

Making lots of proteins (ex. enzymes, antibodies, hormones)

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16
Q

Which organelles are needed for making and packaging lots of proteins?

A

Rough ER and Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

If a cell has a lot of smooth ER, what is it likely doing?

A

Making lipids or detoxifying substances (ex. liver cells)

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18
Q

What organelle would be needed for making lipids or detoxifying substances?

A

The smooth ER

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19
Q

If a cell has a lot of Golgi apparatus, what is it likely doing?

A

It’s modifying, packaging, and shipping many proteins or other molecules

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20
Q

Which organelle is needed if a cell needs to modify, package, and ship many proteins?

A

Golgi apparatus

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21
Q

If a cell has many lysosomes, what is it likely doing?

A

Breaking down waste or harmful substances

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22
Q

Which organelle is needed for breaking down waste or harmful substances?

23
Q

Cells with lots of chloroplasts are involved in what function?

Study These Flashcards
A

Photosynthesis

24
Q

Which organelle do you need for photosynthesis?

25
What organelle is needed for pressure support in plants?
Central vacuole
26
What is the structure of a fatty acid?
A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (–COOH) at one end. can be saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (1+ double bonds)
27
What is the structure of triglyceride?
1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids linked by ester bonds
28
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group with a polar head group
29
What is the structure of cholesterol?
A steroid composed of 4 fused carbon rings, a short hydrocarbon tail, and a hydroxyl group (–OH)
30
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
saturated fatty acids: straight chains (no double bonds) and solid at room temperature unsaturated fatty acids: kinked chains (double bonds) and liquid at room temperature
31
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
Has hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward
32
What are different ways proteins can be associated with the lipid bilayer?
Integral membrane proteins: permanently associated with cell membrane and cannot be separated from membrane experimentally without destroying the membrane itself Peripheral membrane proteins: temporarily associated with the lipid bilayer through weak noncovalent interactions
33
What are the different functions of membrane proteins?
Transporters: moving ions or molecules across the membrane Enzymes: Catalyze chemical reactions Receptors: allow the cell to receive signals from the environment Anchors: attach to other proteins and help maintain cell structure and shape
34
What is the structure of a phospholipid membrane in hydrophilic environments?
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer: - hydrophilic heads face outward - hydrophobic tails face inward
35
What is the structure of a phospholipid membrane in hydrophobic environments?
the hydrophobic heads face inward while the hydrophobic tails face outward
36
How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?
Lower temperatures, less fluid Higher temperatures, more fluid
37
How does the phospholipid tail length affect membrane fluidity?
Shorter tail, more fluid Longer tail, less fluid
38
How does the number of double bonds affect membrane fluidity?
No double bonds = straighter tails = less fluid More double bonds = kinked tails = more fluid
39
How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?
It acts as a buffer
40
Order the molecules in order from high to low permeability
Hydrophobic, small uncharged, large uncharged molecules, ions
41
What are the permeabilities of different types of molecules?
- Charged, polar molecules don't pass easily - small, nonpolar molecules pass easily - large, nonpolar molecules can sometimes pass
42
What is diffusion?
the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
43
Explain how the chemical properties of a phospholipid bilayer allow it to act as a semipermeable membrane
The bilayer's hydrophobic core creates a barrier that blocks most polar or charged substances, making the membrane selectively (semi-) permeable
44
What is tonicity?
the effect a solution has on a cell's size due to water moving in or out via osmosis
45
What is osmosis?
Water movement from low to high solute concentration
46
What is hypertonic?
has a higher solute concentration than another solution
47
What is hypotonic?
has a lower solute concentration
48
What is isotonic?
49
What is the relationship between solute concentration and water concentration?
low solute concentration = more water high solute concentration = less water
50
What is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion moves small, nonpolar molecules directly through the membrane facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to move polar or charged molecules.
51
What is the difference between primary and secondary transport?
Primary active transport directly uses ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient Secondary active transport utilizes an electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport to move molecules across a membrane
52
What is the difference between passive and active transports?
Passive: movement from high to low concentration Active: movement from low to high concentration using ATP
53
What are the keywords to determine what type of transport is happening based on the transport protein?
Carrier = diffusion Pump = primary active Transporter = secondary active

LS7A (10 decks)

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