Cell Physiology

Question 1

Are free-floating ribosomes that produce proteins that are important to the structure of the cell & some enzymes necessary for cellular activity.

Answer 1

Free Ribosomes

Question 2

Prepare hormones or other substances for secretion by processing them & packaging them in vesicles to be moved to cell membrane for excretion.

Produce lysosomes & store other synthesized proteins & enzymes until they are needed.

Answer 2

Golgi Apparatus

Question 3

Membrane-covered organelles that contain specific digestive enzymes that break down PNCL.

Responsible for digesting worn or damaged sections of a cell when membrane ruptures & cell dies.

Form a membrane around any substance that needs to be digested & secrete digestive enzymes directly into the isolated area, protecting the rest of the cytoplasm from injury.

Answer 3

Lysosomes

Question 4

Movement of substances (waste products, hormones, neurotransmitters) out of the cell.

Answer 4

Exocytosis

Question 5

engulfing of specific substances that have reacted with a receptor site on the cell membrane.

Answer 5

Pinocytosis

Question 6

allows cell, usually a neutrophil or macrophage, to engulf a bacterium or a foreign protein and destroy it within the cell by secreting digestive enzymes into the area.

Answer 6

Phagocytosis

Question 7

Destruction of engulfed proteins or bacteria.

Removing substances from a cell by pushing them through cell membrane.

Hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes, & other substances produced within a cell are excreted into the body by this process.

Answer 7

Endocytosis

Question 8

The process of maintaining stable conditions inside a cell.

Answer 8

Homeostasis

Question 9

Main goal of cell:

Answer 9

To maintain homeostasis

Question 10

are used to achieve homeostasis.

Answer 10

Active & Passive transport

Question 11

happens w/o expenditure of energy & can occur across any semipermeable membrane.

Answer 11

Passive transport

Question 12

requires energy input from cell to move substance against its concentration gradient.

Answer 12

Active transport

Question 13

Movement of substance from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Substances that move by diffusion include sodium, potassium, calcium, carbonate, oxygen, bicarbonate, & water.

Small substances & materials w/ no ionic charge move most freely thru the channels.

Substances w/ negative charge move more freely than substances w/ positive charge.

Answer 13

Diffusion

Question 14

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area that is low in dissolved solutes to one that is high in dissolved solutes.

Answer 14

Osmosis

Question 15

pressure created when diffusion of water across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration (of water) to an area of low concentration.

Water equalize dilution of the solutes.

Answer 15

Osmotic pressure

Question 16

fluid that contains the same concentration of solutes as human plasma.

Answer 16

Isotonic Solution

Question 17

fluid that contains a higher concentration of solutes than human plasma

Answer 17

Hypertonic Solution

Question 18

fluid that contains a lower concentration of solutes than human plasma.

Answer 18

Hypotonic solution

Question 19

Movement of substance from higher concentration to lower concentration assisted by a carrier (no energy required).

Carriers may be hormones, enzymes, or proteins.

Answer 19

Facilitated diffusion

Question 20

Movement of substance from lower to higher concentration, requires energy.

Kidney cells use active transport to excrete drugs from the body, as well as to maintain electrolyte and acid–base balances.

Answer 20

Active transport

Question 21

Most cells have ability to reproduce themselves thru

Answer 21

Mitosis

Question 22

Genetic makeup of cell determines the rate at which it multiplies.

Answer 22

Cell cycle

Question 23

Cells that reproduce very quickly

Answer 23

Cells of GIT lining (72 hours)

Question 24

Cells that reproduce very slowly

Answer 24

Breast tissues (few months)

Question 25

Cells are stable, basically dormant. Just functioning to do whatever they are supposed to do. Causes problems in CA treatment C A chemotherapy usually works on active, dividing cells, leaving resting cells fairly untouched. When resting cells are stimulated to become active & regenerate CA can return w/c is why a 5-year CA-free period is usually the basic guide for considering a CA to be cured.

Answer 25

G0 (Resting Phase)

Question 26

oWhen cells in resting phase is stimulated to emerge, it enters what phase? Lasts from the time of stimulation from the resting phase until the formation of DNA. ***Cell synthesizes substances*** needed for ***DNA formation***.

Answer 26

G1 (Gathering Phase)

Question 27

Involves the actual synthesis of DNA, which is an energy-consuming activity. Cell remains in this phase until the amount of cellular DNA has doubled

Answer 27

S (Synthesis Phase)

Question 28

After DNA has doubled Cell produces all substances required for the manufacture of the mitotic spindles.

Answer 28

G2 Phase

Question 29

After the cell has produced all of the substances necessary for formation of a new cell, or daughter cell, it undergoes cell division or mitosis. Cell splits to form 2 identical daughter cells, a process called mitosis.

Answer 29

M (Mitosis Phase)

Question 30

drugs designed to target foreign organisms that invaded and infected the body of a human host. Because all living cells are somewhat similar, no anti-infective drug has yet been developed that does not affect the host.

Answer 30

Antiinfective Agents

Question 31

Use w/ caution; early exposure lead to early sensitivity. Monitor hydration & nutritional status carefully – have increase susceptibility to gastrointestinal & nervous system effects.

Answer 31

Antiinfective Agents for Children