CHAPTER 15

Question 1

What are the four main body defenses?

Answer 1

BCII

BARRIER DEFENSES
CELLULAR DEFENSES
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
IMMUNE RESPONSE - to maintain homeostasis and prevent disease.

Question 2

Acts as 1st physical barrier; secretes chemicals that repel pathogens; constantly renews to prevent colonization; hosts beneficial bacteria.

Answer 2

Skin

Question 3

Line exposed body areas (respiratory, GIT, & GUT); traps and inactivates invaders; uses cilia in the respiratory tract to remove pathogens; protects GIT from erosion & traps pathogens in GUT.

Answer 3

Mucous Membranes

Question 4

Secreted by the stomach; aids digestion & destroys pathogens; normal flora also helps eliminate ingested pathogens.

Answer 4

Gastric Acid

Question 5

Identifies self-cells vs. foreign cells through proteins (HLAs); targets foreign cells for destruction.

Answer 5

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MCH)

Question 6

involves the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), including leukocytes, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues, and chemical mediators to combat pathogens.

Answer 6

Cellular Defense

Question 7

Key components of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

Answer 7

Lymphocytes

Question 8

Develop into various cell types essential for inflammatory and immune responses, such as neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes/macrophages

Answer 8

Myelocytes

Question 9

• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes capable of moving outside the bloodstream.
• Perform phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting foreign material).
• Rapidly produced during injury or infection, move to the site via chemotaxis.

Answer 9

Neutrophils

Question 10

• Myelocytic leukocytescontaining chemicals like histamine and heparin.
• Initiate and maintain immune and inflammatory responses.

Answer 10

Basophils

Question 11

These are known as mast cells, found in the respiratory and GI tracts and skin.

Answer 11

Fixed Basophils

Question 12

• Circulating leukocytes involved in allergic reactions.
• May remove proteins and active components from allergic response sites.

Answer 12

Eosinophils

Question 13

• Mature leukocytes capable of phagocytizing antigens.
• Remove pathogens, dead cells, & necrotic tissue.
• Can be fixed in specific tissues or circulate in the bloodstream.
• Release chemicals for a strong inflammatory reaction.

Answer 13

Monocytes/Macrophages

Question 14

• Include lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, & lymphoid tissue in the respiratory & GI tracts.
• Bone marrow and thymus are crucial for creating and differentiating cellular components of MPS.

Answer 14

Lymphoid Tissues

Question 15

body’s local reaction to injury or invasion.

Answer 15

Inflammatory Response

Question 16

activated by cell injury

Answer 16

Hageman Fcator

Question 17

Hageman Factors triggers what?

Answer 17

Kinin system
Clotting Cascade
Plasminogen System

Question 18

converts kininogen to bradykinin, leading to vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and pain.

Answer 18

Kinin system

Question 19

initiates blood clotting

Answer 19

Clotting casacade

Question 20

initiates dissolution of blood clots

Answer 20

Plasminogen System

Question 21

It releases arachidonic acid, leading to the production of autocoids (prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase, thromboxanes) that regulate inflammation.

Answer 21

Bradykinin

Question 22

It is locally released during injury, causing vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and pain.

Answer 22

Histamine

Question 23

It is activated by arachidonic acid, attract neutrophils through chemotaxis, leading to cell injury and potentially a cycle of inflammation and cell death.

Answer 23

Leukotrienes

Question 24

when activated during the inflammatory response, release pyrogens that cause fever.

Answer 24

Neutrophils

Question 25

What are the Clinical Signs of Inflammation

Answer 25

Heat (Calor) Swelling (Tumor) Redness (Rubor) Pain (Dolor) Note: These signs occur universally with cell injury and are also seen in conditions like pneumonia, where the lungs exhibit inflammation signs.

Question 26

targets specific invasions thru **lymphocytes**, which are produced by stem cells in the ***bone marrow***.

Answer 26

Immune Response

Question 27

Develop in the thymus and provide cell- mediated immunity.

Answer 27

T cells

Question 28

destroy nonself cells.

Answer 28

Effector T cells (cytotoxic)

Question 29

stimulate other lymphocytes.

Answer 29

Helper T cells (CD4)

Question 30

It regulate and slow down immune responses.

Answer 30

Suppressor T cells (CD8)

Question 31

- Provide humoral immunity and produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) when activated by specific antigens. - contains Five types of immunoglobulins - It form memory cells for quicker future responses to the same antigen

Answer 31

B cells

Question 32

Five types of immunoglobulins

Answer 32

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD

Question 33

React in a cascade to destroy antigens and enhance the inflammatory response.

Answer 33

Complement Proteins

Question 34

prevent viral replication and suppress tumor growth.

Answer 34

Interferons

Question 35

stimulate immune responses and cause fever, myalgia, and slow-wave sleep.

Answer 35

Interleukins

Question 36

aids in T cell maturation.

Answer 36

Thymosin

Question 37

inhibits tumor growth and enhances immune responses.

Answer 37

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Question 38

These responses work together to protect the body, w/ helper & suppressor T cells coordinating activity & maintaining balance.

Answer 38

Immune and inflammatory responses

Question 39

Occur when mutant cells evade immune system detection and begin growing.

Answer 39

Neoplasms

Question 40

Factors contributing to neoplasm development:

Answer 40

- Aging decreases immune efficiency. - Location of mutant cells can hinder immune response (e.g., breast tissue). - Tumors can produce blocking antibodies to avoid detection. - Weakly antigenic tumors elicit mild immune responses.

Question 41

It invades host cells for replication, altering the cell membrane and antigenic presentation.

Answer 41

Viruses

Question 42

- This can either trigger a cellular immune response or go undetected by the immune system. - Subtle immune responses to viral invasion may lead to autoimmune diseases.

Answer 42

Viral Invasion of Cells

Question 43

Body produces antibodies or immune responses against its own cells.

Answer 43

Autoimmune Disease

Question 44

Immune response to a what cell leads to antibodies against similar cells.

Answer 44

Virus altered

Question 45

Autoantibody production may normally occur but isn't suppressed due to?

Answer 45

Immunosuppression

Question 46

Genetic predisposition to what development.

Answer 46

autoantibody

Question 47

What cells introduced via organ transplants often trigger an immune reaction.

Answer 47

Foreign

Question 48

This typically does not elicit an immune response.

Answer 48

Self-transplantation (autotransplantation)

Question 49

Matching donor HLA markers with recipient's as closely as possible (reduces/increases) transplant rejection risk.

Answer 49

Reduces