Cell Reproduction

Question 1

Binary Fission

Answer 1

prokaryotic cell division process

Question 2

Anaphase

Answer 2

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

Question 3

Cell Cycle

Answer 3

ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

Question 4

Cell Plate

Answer 4

structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure (phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells

Question 5

Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Answer 5

mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell-cycle stages

Question 6

Centriole

Answer 6

rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome

Question 7

Centromere

Answer 7

region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes

Question 8

Chromatid

Answer 8

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere

Question 9

Cleavage Furrow

Answer 9

constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic division

Question 10

Condensin

Answer 10

proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

Question 11

Cyclin

Answer 11

one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with cyclin-dependent kinases to help regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating key proteins; the concentrations of cyclins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle

Question 12

Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

Answer 12

one of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when bound to cyclin; it functions to phosphorylate other proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation

Question 13

Cytokinesis

Answer 13

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells.

Question 14

Diploid

Answer 14

cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Question 15

FtsZ

Answer 15

tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)

Question 16

G0 Phase

Answer 16

distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide

Question 17

G1 Phase

Answer 17

(also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis

Question 18

G2 Phase

Answer 18

(also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis

Question 19

Gamete

Answer 19

haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)

Question 20

Gene

Answer 20

physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.

Question 21

Genome

Answer 21

total genetic information of a cell or organism

Question 22

Haploid

Answer 22

cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

Question 23

Histone

Answer 23

one of several similar, highly conserved, low molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes

Question 24

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 24

chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derived from a different parent

Question 25

Interphase

Answer 25

period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)

Question 26

Karyokinesis

Answer 26

mitotic nuclear division

Question 27

Kinetochore

Answer 27

protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase

Question 28

Locus

Answer 28

position of a gene on a chromosome

Question 29

Metaphase

Answer 29

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

Question 30

Metaphase Plate

Answer 30

equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase

Question 31

Mitosis

Answer 31

(also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 32

Mitotic Phase

Answer 32

period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis

Question 33

Mitotic Spindle

Answer 33

apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

Question 34

Nucleosome

Answer 34

subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

Question 35

Oncogene

Answer 35

mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle

Question 36

Origin

Answer 36

(also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication)

Question 37

P21

Answer 37

cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53

Question 38

p53

Answer 38

cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis

Question 39

Prometaphase

Answer 39

stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

Question 40

Prophase

Answer 40

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form

Question 41

Proto-oncogene

Answer 41

normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene

Question 42

Quiescent

Answer 42

refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division

Question 43

Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb)

Answer 43

regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F)

Question 44

S Phase

Answer 44

second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs

Question 45

Septum

Answer 45

structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells

Question 46

Telophase

Answer 46

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope

Question 47

Tumor Suppressor Gene

Answer 47

segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division