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Anatomy and Physiology One > Cell Review > Flashcards

Cell Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four most abundant molecules in the body?

A

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen

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2
Q

What is the most abundant compound in the body?

A

Water (H2O)

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3
Q

Osmosis is

A

Movement of solvent molecules through semipermeable membrane from lower concentration into higher concentration in order to equalize the concentrations

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4
Q

Parts of a cell?

A

Cell membrane, Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Lysosome, Ribosome, Nucleus, centrioles, mitochondrion, Golgi Apparatus, vesicles,cytoplasm

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5
Q

Cell Membrane?

A

Semipermeable membrane surrounding the cell, also known as plasma

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6
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis, tube like structure

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7
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Protein synthesis, studded with ribosomes

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8
Q

Cytoplasm?

A

Water,salts,proteins that make up the solution within the cell that organelles float in

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Cell digestion

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein building and synthesizing

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genetic material of the cell

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, creates ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)

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13
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorts and Sends parts of the cell

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14
Q

Vesicle

A

Sphere of membrane that carries something within a cell

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15
Q

Centrioles

A

Cell mitosis, grab chromosomes

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16
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms in order to stabilize

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17
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

When the electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time around one of the atoms

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18
Q

Nonpolar covalent Bond

A

When the electrons shared by atoms spend an equal amount of time around each atom

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19
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Atoms will give and take electron(s) by electrostatic attraction creating anions and cations

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20
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged atom that have given away one or more electron(s)

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21
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged atom that has gained one or more electron(s)

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22
Q

Which bond is stronger, ionic or covalent?

A

Covalent

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23
Q

Diffusion

A

Solvent moves from High to Low concentration along concentration gradient, requires no energy

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24
Q

What is the opposite of Diffusion?

A

Active transport

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25
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requires energy

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26
Q

Catabolism

A

Chemical reactions that break down molecules

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27
Q

Anabolism

A

Chemical reactions that construct molecules, requires energy (from catabolism)

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28
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions that require energy,

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29
Q

Hydrophillic

A

Substances that dissolve in water

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30
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substances that resist and do not dissolve in water

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31
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another molecule

32
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity

33
Q

Free Radicals

A

chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

34
Q

Antioxidant

A

Chemical that neutralizes free radicals

35
Q

Four main types of organic compounds?

A

Protein, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid

36
Q

Protein

A

Polymer of amino acids, complex and coiled structures that provide structure, communication, catalysis, membrane transport, recognition and protection, movement

37
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Hydrophilic molecule normally with the suffix -ose and prefix Sacchar-

38
Q

Lipid

A

Hydrophobic molecule with high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids

39
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

polymers of nucleotide, forms our genes and deliver instructions DNA and RNA

40
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Removing water to build large compounds from small ones

41
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding water to break down compounds from big to small compounds

42
Q

Ions

A

Charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

43
Q

Protons

A

Have a single positive charge, part of an atom, equals number of electrons. this plus neutrons make up atomic mass. # of protons determine atomic number.

44
Q

Electrons

A

Have a single negative charge, part of an atom, equals number of protons.

45
Q

Neutrons

A

Have no charge, “neutral” part of an atom, this plus protons makes up atomic mass

46
Q

Valence electrons

A

The outermost shell of electrons that determine the chemical bonding properties

47
Q

What is the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

48
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA (creates our genes)

49
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

RNA Carry instructions and synthesize proteins

50
Q

Isotopes

A

Varieties of atoms, only changing in neutrons changing the atomic mass

51
Q

Compounds

A

Molecules composed of two or more elements

52
Q

Solution

A

consists of particles mixed with a more abundant substance

53
Q

Solvent

A

the abundant substance in a mixture of a solution

54
Q

Solute

A

Particles of matter mixed into the solvent

55
Q

colloid/ colloidal dispersion

A

Solution that has particles that are able to remain evenly distributed through the solution

56
Q

Suspension

A

Solution that separates, the particles are too large to remain dispersed and settle at the bottom of a solution

57
Q

Emulsion

A

suspension of one liquid in another

58
Q

What pH is acidic?

A

Any pH level below 7

59
Q

What pH is basic?

A

Any pH level above 7

60
Q

What is an acid?

A

A ‘proton donor’, molecule that releases a proton in water

61
Q

What is a base?

A

A ‘proton acceptor’, molecule that accepts a proton in water

62
Q

pH is…?

A

a measure derived from the molarity of H+

63
Q

What is another word for basic in terms of pH?

A

Alkaline

64
Q

What are buffers?

A

Chemical solutions that resist change in pH

65
Q

What pH is neutral?

A

Only pH of 7

66
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

A large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones

67
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

Two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger one

68
Q

Exchange Reaction

A

Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms

69
Q

Oxidation

A

Any chemical reactions in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

70
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

GEL within the cell called cytosol

71
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

body fluids not contained in the cell called tissue(interstitial) fluid

72
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channels of transmembrane proteins specialized for passage of water

73
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the intracellular fluid. absorb water, swell, and may burst

74
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the intracellular fluid. would lose water and shrivel

75
Q

Isotonic solution

A

total concentration of nonpermeating solutes is the same as the intracellular fluid. would cause no change in cell volume or shape

Anatomy and Physiology One (11 decks)

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