Integumentary Flashcards by Sammy S

What are the primary functions of skin?

protection
water barrier
UV light barrier
Sensory receptor
Thermal regulation
Vitamin D Synthesis

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What is skin?

Largest organ of the body

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Roughly what percent of body weight is skin?

Fifteen percent

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How many layers of skin are there and what are they?

Three: Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

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How many layers of Epidermis are there and what are they?

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale

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What is the Stratum Corneum?

The top layer of the epidermis, made of dead cells.

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What is the Stratum Lucidum?

Found only in very thick skin between the corneum and the granulosum, made of dead cells being pushed up.

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What is the Stratum Granulosum?

Last layer of living cells being pushed to the top of the epidermis, located between the Lucidum(in thick skin) or Corneum and the Spinosum

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What is the Stratum Spinosum?

Layer of living/thriving new cells in between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale.

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What is the Stratum Basale?

The base layer of the Epidermis bordering the Dermis, single layer of new cells on the basement membrane undergoing mitosis. Merkel discs and melanocytes reside here.

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What is a Merkel Disc?

The tactile cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis that senses pressure.

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What is a melanocyte?

A Melanin cell that provides yellow/brown pigment

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What is a keritinocyte?

the water proofing cell, provides yellow pigment

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What is hemoglobin?

The red pigment molecule in red blood cells

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aden/o

gland

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adip/o

fat/lipid

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steat/o

fat/lipid

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lip/o

fat/lipid

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crypt/o

hidden

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cutane/o

skin

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derm/o

skin

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dermat/o

skin

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hidr/o

sweat

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icthy/o

dry/scaly

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kerat/o

horny skin/hard/cornea

myc/o

fungus

onychh/o

nail

ungu/o

nail

pil/o

hair

trich/o

hair

scler/o

hardening

xer/o

dry

How many burn classifications are there and what are they?

Three: First degree, Second degree, and third degree

What is the rule of nines used for?

Determining how critical a burn is.

A burn is considered critical by the second degree in the rule of nines...

When over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burns

A burn is considered critical by the third degree in the rule of nines...

When over 10% of the body has 3rd degree burns - or - 3rd degree burns are on face, hands, or feet

The percentage of the trunk in the Rule of Nines

(Rule of Nines body part) Ant/Pos 36%

The percentage of the Head and Neck in the Rule of Nines

(Rule of Nines body part) Ant/Pos 9%

The percentage of the Limbs in the Rule of Nines

(Rule of Nines body part) Ant/Pos L/R:9% Both:18%

The percentage of the Lower Limbs in the Rule of Nines

(Rule of Nines body part) | Ant/Pos L/R:18% Both:36%

The percentage of the genitalia in the Rule of Nines

(Rule of Nines body part) | 1%

Burn is considered first degree when...

Only goes through epidermis

Burn is considered second degree when...

Goes through epidermis and upper dermal layer

Burn is considered third degree when...

"Full thickness" goes through epidermis and full dermis

An Ulcer is...?

A sore where the tissue is being eaten away/deteriorated from lack of blood flow and potentially creates an opening in the skin

Decubitus Ulcer is caused by....? Especially over...?

Restriction of normal blood supply (ischemia leading to infarction/necrosis) Occurs over bony projections

What are the 3 types of skin cancer benign to most malignant?

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Melanoma

Metastasis

Spreading of cancer cells from original tumor sites to other areas

What is the ABCD rule and what does it characterize?

Characterizes Melanomas, Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, (Sometimes E{Elevation})

What percentage of skin cancers are melanomas?

Only 5% of cancers are.

What causes skin cancer

induced by UV rays of the sun, when cell cycle gets disrupted

What are the skin appendages or "accessory organs" in the dermis?

Sweat glands, Nails, Hair follicles

What are the types cutaneous glands?

Apocrine sweat, Eccrine sweat, sebaceous

Function and placement of Apocrine glands

"Dirty" sweat gland, releases watery secretion filled w/ fatty acids. Only near hair follicles- found in axillary and anogenital areas

Function and placement of Eccrine glands

"clean" sweat gland, releases mostly water secretions. Open directly out skin thru ducts. All over surface of the body

Function and placement of Sebaceous glands

Secretes sebum, cells burst to create secretion, found only by hair follicles

What is sebum?

Oil secreted from sebaceous gland that softens skin, kills bacteria, and slows water loss.

Holocrine Gland

The cells burst to release secretion

Mammary gland

modified apocrine gland secretes milk

Ceruminous gland

modified apocrine gland secretes cerumen in external ear canal

Cerumen

Ear Wax- protect ear canal

Pigment that colors brown and black hair

Eumelanin

Pigment that colors blonde hair

Pheomelanin

How is red hair pigmented

Little eumelanin with a lot of pheomelanin

What produces white hair

air in the medulla or pigment ceases production

Hair bulb

takes melanocytes into the medulla for pigment

medulla

center of hair follicle

Hair receptors

surround the follicle making it possible to feel anything touching the hair

What is the hair of the head?

Terminal

What is the thin hair on babies(Not newborns)?

Vellus

What is the hair developed on newborns that falls off easily?

Lenugo

What does the nail bed display?

blood vessels under the skin

What are nails?

Hard keratin modification of the epidermis that protects the sensitive nail bed

What is hair?

A special version of epidermis composed of hard keratin sprouting from the dermis

Cyanosis

Bluish tint to the skin caused by lack of oxygen or heat

Erythema

Reddening of the skin

Jaundice

Yellow tint to the skin caused by a buildup of pigment that the liver is supposed to break down

Pallor

Paleness of the skin sometimes caused by shock

Hematoma

collection of blood under the skin (bad bruise)

What is the Hypodermis

Lipids (adipose tissue) | the subcutaneous layer

What are the layers of the Dermis

Areolar Connective Tissue Proper, Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Proper

The Dermis is what percentage of skin?

It is 80% of skin.

Abrasion

superficial wound

Incision

wound with sharp, clean edges

Laceration

wound with jagged edges

Avulsion

wound with loss of a complete body part

Puncture

Long skinny wound going through skin and potentially muscle

Contusion

Bruise causing bleeding in the dermis