cell signaling

Question 1

-few bacteria= low levels of signaling molecules
-many bacteria= high levels of signaling which causes gene expression

Answer 1

quorum sensing

Question 2

a cell’s signal acts on itself

Answer 2

autocrine signaling

Question 3

paracrine signaling to a cell close by OR neurotransmitters from one nerve cell to the next

Answer 3

local signaling

Question 4

a long-distance signal called a hormone enters the bloodstream to carry the signal far away

Answer 4

endocrine signaling

Question 5

the binding between a signal molecule (ligand) and receptor is highly specific

Answer 5

reception

Question 6

a shape change in a receptor

Answer 6

transduction

Question 7

the transduced signal triggers a response

Answer 7

response

Question 8

water-soluble ligands on the membrane (outside the cell)

Answer 8

proteins

Question 9

small or hydrophobic ligand molecules (going into cell)

Answer 9

lipids

Question 10

a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein

Answer 10

G protein-coupled receptor

Question 11

membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines

Answer 11

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Question 12

enzyme that phosphorylates and activates proteins at next level

Answer 12

protein kinase

Question 13

enhance and amplify signal

Answer 13

phosphorylation cascade

Question 14

small, nonprotein molecules/ions that can relay signal inside cell

ex: cAMP

Answer 14

second messengers