Cell Staining/Histology

Question 1

cells that carry out the same general ______ are grouped together as tissues

Answer 1

function

Question 2

What are the 4 basic tissues?

Answer 2

epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve

Question 3

epithelial tissue _____ and _______ surfaces

Answer 3

covers, lines

Question 4

connective tissue functions in _______, _______, and ________

Answer 4

packing, supporting, connecting

Question 5

muscle tissue functions in _______

Answer 5

contractility

Question 6

nerve tissue functions in ________ and ________

Answer 6

irritability, conduction

Question 7

During the fixation stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy small pieces are placed in solutions of _______ that preserve by _________ and inactivating __________

Answer 7

chemicals, cross linking proteins, degradative enzymes

Question 8

During the dehydration stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy the tissue is placed in _______ to remove all the _____

Answer 8

alcohol, water

Question 9

During the embedding stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy the paraffin infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted ______ and allowed to harden

Answer 9

paraffin

Question 10

During the trimming and sectioning stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy the paraffin block is ______ to expose the tissue for sectioning on a microtome

Answer 10

trimmed

Question 11

plane of sectioning in a complex organ is when you examine sections cut in _______

Answer 11

different planes

Question 12

the three types of sectioning used for examination of specimen include _______, _______, and ________

Answer 12

longitudinal, cross, oblique

Question 13

the reason stain is used is many because most cells and extracellular materials are completely ______

Answer 13

colorless

Question 14

most dyes behave like acids or bases and form _______ with molecules in tissues

Answer 14

salt linkages

Question 15

the basic dyes include ________, _______, and ________

Answer 15

toluidine blue, methylene blue, hematoxylin

Question 16

the acidic dyes include _____ and _____

Answer 16

eosin, fuchsin

Question 17

basic dyes react with ______ molecules in the _______ and acidic dyes react with _______ molecules in the _______

Answer 17

acidic, nucleus, basic, mitochondria

Question 18

cell components such as nucleic acids with a net _______ charge (anionic) stain more readily with ______ dyes and are termed basophillic

Answer 18

negative, basic

Question 19

catatonic components, such as _______ with many ionized amino groups have affinity for _____ dyes and are termed acidophilic

Answer 19

proteins, acidic

Question 20

artificial spaces can be caused by _______ due to fixation, dehydration and embedding, ________ that were not retained after fixation or removed during dehydration (ex. glycogen, lipids), winkles in _____, and precipitate of _____

Answer 20

shrinkage, loss of molecules, tissue, stain

Question 21

PAS or periodic acid schiff reaction is good for staining ______, _______, ______, ______, and ______

Answer 21

mucus, microvilli, glycogen, BM, epithelial

Question 22

sudan black is good for staining _______ and ______

Answer 22

fats, myelin

Question 23

transmission electron microscopy permits very high _______ and magnification up to 400,000x

Answer 23

resolution

Question 24

dark areas in transmission electron microscopy are called electron _______ where light areas are called electron _____

Answer 24

dense, lucent

Question 25

transmission electron microscopy uses a beam of ______ instead of light to look through the specimen

Answer 25

electrons

Question 26

scanning electron microscopy shows only the ______ view

Answer 26

surface

Question 27

scanning electron microscopy uses a ______ to scan the surface

Answer 27

beam

Question 28

the cell is surrounded by a ________, can be divided into the _____ and ______, and contains organelles

Answer 28

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Question 29

the nucleus is a membrane limited compartment that contains the ________

Answer 29

genome (genetic information)

Question 30

the nucleus functions in ________ and produces ribosomal subunits in the _______ and exports them into the cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes

Answer 30

cellular regulation, nucleolus

Question 31

the nuclear OUTER membrane faces the ______, bears _______ and is continuous at certain sites with the _______

Answer 31

cytoplasm, ribosomes, rough ER

Question 32

the INNER nuclear membrane faces the _______ and is supported on its inner surface by the ________ and functions to stabilize the nucleus

Answer 32

nuclear material, nuclear lamina

Question 33

mutations in nuclear lamina can cause _______

Answer 33

muscular dystrophy

Question 34

the nuclear lamina is a type of _______ filament

Answer 34

intermediate

Question 35

the nuclear envelope and pores use _______ to mediate transport of molecules ______ than 9nm using receptors and energy

Answer 35

active processes, larger

Question 36

the nuclear envelope and pores use the water filled channels of the nuclear pore complex to allow ______ and _______ to cross using ______

Answer 36

ions, small water soluble molecules (less than 9 daltons) simple diffusion

Question 37

a nucleosome is a DNA sequence wrapped around a core of ______ proteins, and is the basic repeating subunit of _______ packaged inside the cells nucleus

Answer 37

histone, chromatin

Question 38

What are the two types of chromatin?

Answer 38

heterochromatin and euchromatin

Question 39

heterochromatin is the ______, _______ form of chromatin that is transcriptionally ________, cannot be read for replication and stains ______

Answer 39

closed condensed, inactive, dark

Question 40

euchromatin is the ______ form of chromatin that is transcriptionally ______, ready to be replicated and stains _____

Answer 40

open, active, light

Question 41

the nucleolus is spherical, ______, and the site of ________ and initial _______ assembly

Answer 41

basophilic, ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosomal

Question 42

transcription is the process of transcribing DNA into RNA using the enzyme _______

Answer 42

RNA polymerase

Question 43

translation is the process of transcribing RNA into a protein using _____ as the sites

Answer 43

ribosomes

Question 44

the cytoplasm is everything inside the cell but outside the ______ while the cytosol is dissolved ______, ______, soluble and insoluble _____ and ______

Answer 44

nucleus, nutrients, proteins, waste, ions

Question 45

ribosomes are non-membraneous, small, _____ staining granules that read the ________ sequence and translates the genetic code into specific _______ used to form a _____, they are either free or bound to the ER

Answer 45

dark, messenger RNA , amino acids, protein

Question 46

the endoplasmic reticulum is network of intercommunicating _______ and ______ formed by a continuous membrane where some regions bear polysomes (rER) and others appearing smooth (sER)

Answer 46

channels, sacs/cisternae

Question 47

the rER is continuous with the ______ and the _____

Answer 47

nuclear envelope, sER

Question 48

polyribosomes are ribosomes associated with -_____ and occur in the ______ or on the _____ membranes

Answer 48

mRNA, cytosol, rER

Question 49

the ROUGH ER functions in protein synthesis of _______ proteins (albumin, hormones, milk proteins, receptors, antibodies, collagen, enzymes, lipoproteins) and _______ and is where _______ glycosylation occurs

Answer 49

secretory , neurotransmitters, N linked

Question 50

N linked glycosylation in the rough ER occurs when ______ is attached to a _______ molecule of an amino acid ****More common than o linked

Answer 50

glycan (oligosaccharide) , nitrogen

Question 51

regulated secretion is a process where proteins are released from the cell in response to a______ ****ex: pancreatic acinar cells

Answer 51

specific signal

Question 52

constitutive secretion is a process where cells are ______ secreted regardless of external factors ****ex: hepatocytes

Answer 52

continuously

Question 53

the SMOOTH ER functions in the synthesis and breakdown of ______, ______ of drugs, synthesis of ________, ________, ________ and ________ and the uptake and release of _____ in the ______ cells

Answer 53

glycogen, detoxification, lipoproteins, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, calcium, muscle

Question 54

the enzymes involved in making steroid hormones are located in the ______ membrane

Answer 54

sER

Question 55

the golgi complex is a stack of membrane bound disc shaped envelopes, that have _______ surface for transport vesicles and _______ surface

Answer 55

exporting (trans), receiving (cis)

Question 56

the golgi complex functions in the ________ of proteins, ______ glycosylation of proteins, synthesis of _______, synthesis of _______ and sphingomyelins

Answer 56

post-translational modification, O-linked, lipoproteins, glycolipids

Question 57

O-linked glycosylation of proteins occurs when glycan is attached to an ______ molecule on an amino acid ****added sugars used as recognition signals

Answer 57

oxygen

Question 58

mitochondria transform chemical energy into high energy phosphate bonds in _____, perform __________, synthesize ________, involved in the uptake and release of ______, regulates _________

Answer 58

ATP, beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids, steroid hormones, calcium, apoptosis

Question 59

lysosomes are membrane bound organelles containing ______ enzymes, have acidic contents of about a pH of ______ and have electron dense ______ contents

Answer 59

hydrolytic, 4.5-5.5, heterogeneous

Question 60

lysosomes function in digestion of ingested materials and aged or ______ organelles, degradation of ______, breaking down _____ during _______ remodeling, and destruction of worn-out organelles

Answer 60

damaged, bacteria, bone, bone

Question 61

lysosomal storage disease is caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes for ______ in the lysosomes which results in accumulation of the _______ for lysosomal digestion

Answer 61

proteins, substrates

Question 62

peroxisomes/microbodies are membrane bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes which function in -________, synthesis of _________ and _________ and degradation of _______

Answer 62

lipid metabolism (beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids), cholesterol, plasmalogens, hydrogen peroxide

Question 63

Zellweger's / Cerebrohepatorenal Syndrome is a fatal disease due to absence of _______ due to inability to break down _______ and _________ causes membrane injury, demyelination, and muscle weakness

Answer 63

peroxisomal enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, long chain fatty acids

Question 64

plasma membrane is a lipid barrier that forms the cell boundary, contains _______, ______ and _______ and functions in a physical _______, selective ________, ________ gradients, and ________

Answer 64

phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins with oligosaccharide chains, barrier, permeability, electrochemical, communication

Question 65

the carbohydrates of the plasma membrane attach to proteins, forming _______, forms the cell coat _________, establishes extracellular microenvironment, and aid in metabolism, cell recognition, cell association, receptor sites for hormones etc

Answer 65

glycoproteins, (glycocalyx) "sugar coat"

Question 66

secretory granules serve as _______ for selected secretory products and can be seen in many cell types such as mast cells, pancreatic acinar cells etc

Answer 66

storage pools

Question 67

glycogen inclusions are highly branched polymers used as a storage material for ______..... ______ and _______ cells contain alot of glycogen

Answer 67

glucose, liver, striated muscle

Question 68

lipid/fat droplets are inclusions that can be abundant in certain types of cells and serve as an ______ as well as a source of _____ which can be used in _______ formation

Answer 68

energy store, lipids, steroid hormone

Question 69

trichrome is a stain that stains collagen (CT) _____, muscle _____, and RBC _____

Answer 69

blue, red, yellow or red

Question 70

H & E staining don’t stain cells with ______ or _____ because they get washed out with alcohol prep

Answer 70

fats, mucus

Question 71

sudan black staining causes lipids to stain _____; good for _____ and _____

Answer 71

black, fat, myelin