Epithelium

Question 1

All the organs of your body are composed of 4 tissues…..which are?

Answer 1

epithelium, muscle, nerve and connective

Question 2

epithelia are sheets of cells that ____ or _____ internal and external body surfaces

Answer 2

line, cover

Question 3

the functions of the epithelium include ________, ________ and _______

Answer 3

protection, absorption, secretion

Question 4

The epithelia is attached to underlying ____________ by an acellular basement membrane where the basement membrane is a meshwork of _____ and ______

Answer 4

connective tissue, carbohydrates, proteins

Question 5

the connective tissue underneath the epithelium is called the

Answer 5

lamina propria

Question 6

epithelial cells lack _______, they derive nutrients and oxygen from vessels in the _______

Answer 6

blood vessels, lamina propria

Question 7

epithelia are classified into 3 shapes that include

Answer 7

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Question 8

epithelial cells can be arranged into either a ______, _________, or ________ layer

Answer 8

simple, stratified, specialized

Question 9

simple squamous epithelium is a single layer of flattened cells specialized for _______ across their cytoplasm

Answer 9

diffusion

Question 10

simple squamous are mainly found in _________, lining of ________, and structures in the _______

Answer 10

air sacs of the lungs, blood vessels, kidney

Question 11

simple cuboidal appear in a single layer of square like shapes and function in ________, _________, ________ and _______

Answer 11

protection, secretion, absorption, synthesis

Question 12

simple cuboidal cells are mainly found in the lining of the ________, where they help in the __________

Answer 12

collecting tubules of the kidney, reabsorption of water

Question 13

simple columnar appear taller than they are wide and function in _______, _________, ________ and _________

Answer 13

protection, absorption, transport of materials, secretion

Question 14

columnar cells lining the stomach secrete ________ that serves as a ________ for near by cells

Answer 14

mucus, protective barrier

Question 15

simple columnar are found in the _____ tubes of the _____, ________ tubes, and the lining of the ______ and _______

Answer 15

bronchial, lungs, uterine, stomach and intestinal tract

Question 16

stratified epithelium is composed of ______

Answer 16

more than one layer of cells

Question 17

in stratified epithelium, only the ______ touches the basement membrane and the nuclei are ______

Answer 17

bottom layer, basically aligned with eachother

Question 18

stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium is a rarer type of stratified epithelium usually found in ________ and the ________

Answer 18

larger glands, male urethra

Question 19

stratified cuboidal epithelia line the __________ that recycle sodium and chloride ions

Answer 19

ducts of sweat glands

Question 20

stratified columnar epithelia in the ________ protect tissue from ______ by secreting mucus

Answer 20

male urethra, urine

Question 21

stratified squamous are found in the ________, _______, ______, and _______

Answer 21

vocal folds, esophagus, vagina, epidermis of the skin

Question 22

stratified squamous is adapted for _______, and are usually found in areas that undergo _________

Answer 22

toughness, friction

Question 23

stratified squamous synthesize ______ to enhance cell toughness

Answer 23

keratin

Question 24

the stratified squamous in the upper layers may ________ cellular organelles including the _______, this is usually found in the cells closest to the _______

Answer 24

eject, nuclei, lumen

Question 25

pseudo-stratified epithelium has cells of different ______ and ______ and may appear the cells are in layers; however all cells _____ the basement membrane

Answer 25

shapes, sizes, touch

Question 26

the respiratory pseudo-stratified epithelium contains ________, ________ and _______

Answer 26

columnar cells, basal cells, goblet cells

Question 27

transitional epithelium (urothelium) is another form of __________, found in the _______ and _____

Answer 27

pseudo-stratified epithelium, bladder, ureter

Question 28

urothelium functions to maintain a _______ barrier to keep ______ stored, even when the organ is distended

Answer 28

urinary, urine

Question 29

urothelium has two distinct appearances, a _______ version and a ______ version

Answer 29

condensed, tall

Question 30

urothelium has unique rounded cells called ________ whose dense _______ help maintain barrier function

Answer 30

umbrella cells, plaques

Question 31

dome shaped umbrella cells can have _______

Answer 31

multiple nuclei

Question 32

epithelial cells are ____ which means they have asymmetric distribution of proteins and organelles within their _________

Answer 32

polar, cytoplasm

Question 33

polarity of a cell is defined by the three domains called the ______, ______, and _______

Answer 33

apical, basal, lateral

Question 34

the apical domain faces the ________, and contains proteins that serve as ______, ________, and _______ that allow interactions with the ________

Answer 34

lumen, transporters, receptors, channels, lumen

Question 35

The three important apical specializations include _______, _______, and ______ which help to increase ________ or help _______ substances along the epithelium surface

Answer 35

cilia, microvilli, stereocilia, surface area, move

Question 36

microvilli are short finger like projections of ________ length along the apical surface that are enclosed by a _________

Answer 36

uniform, plasma membrane

Question 37

microvilli are present in cells specialized for _______

Answer 37

absorption

Question 38

microvilli are supported by __________ which insert into a network of cytoskeletal proteins referred to as the _______, a fuzzy border can be seen which is actually _______

Answer 38

actin filaments, terminal web, glycocalyx

Question 39

cilia are longer hair like apical specializations that are _______ as uniform in length

Answer 39

NOT

Question 40

Cilia have an internal array of ________ arranged in a _______ pattern

Answer 40

microtubules, 9+2

Question 41

cilia are specialized for _______, where attached to their outer microtubule pairs are _______ proteins which allow cilia to move

Answer 41

motility, dynein moter

Question 42

primary ciliary dyskinesia is a recessive genetic disorder where ciliary microtubules lack ______ and are therefor not motile (all cilia in the body are effected) this then causes cilia in the respiratory system to have problems _______ which leads to chronic ________ and ________

Answer 42

dynein arms, clearing mucus, sinusitis, bronchitis

Question 43

stereocilia are non-motile, longer, have a ___________ structure and have a core of _________ that attach to a terminal web

Answer 43

branch like, actin filaments

Question 44

stereocilia is rarer and found in the ________ and ________

Answer 44

epididymis , inner ear

Question 45

the basal domain conatins the ________, _________ and _______

Answer 45

basement membrane, hemidesmosomes, basal infolding (striations)

Question 46

the basement membrane functions as ________ support for the epithelium and ________ site for the lamina propria

Answer 46

structural, attachment

Question 47

the basement membrane is a _________ filter where mutations cause _______ disease due to filtration compromise

Answer 47

semipermeable, kidney

Question 48

the important macromolecules of the basement membrane include ________ fibers, ______ and _______ proteins

Answer 48

collagen, laminins, integrin

Question 49

In electron microscopy, the basement membrane appears in two layers called the ______ lamina and the ______ lamina

Answer 49

reticular, basal

Question 50

the basal lamina is where the base of the __________ cell is attached, and contains molecules that act as a ________ barrier

Answer 50

epithelial, permeable

Question 51

the reticular lamina is a fibrous mesh that provides structure and attached the ________ to the _________

Answer 51

basal lamina, lamina propria

Question 52

the basal lamina contains lamin, fibronectin, type _____ collagen, _______ sulfate proteoglycans, and _______

Answer 52

IV, heparan, nidogen (entactin)

Question 53

the reticular lamina contains type ____ collagen

Answer 53

III

Question 54

hemidesmosomes attach the ______ domain to the _______

Answer 54

basal, basal lamina (BM)

Question 55

hemidesmosomes consist of protein ______ that anchor structures of the cell

Answer 55

plaques

Question 56

intracellular plaques of hemidesmosomes inside the cell bind to keratin __________ filaments of the cytoskeleton

Answer 56

intermediate

Question 57

extracellular domains of hemidesmosomes including ______ and ______ bind to molecules in the basal lamina

Answer 57

integrins, laminins

Question 58

the lateral domain is the site of attachment to other cells in the epithelial sheet and is the avenue of ______ for materials

Answer 58

transport

Question 59

the paracellular pathway is located _______ epithelial cells and is regulated by certain proteins

Answer 59

between

Question 60

occluding junctions or _________, seal cells together and control the ______ of substances through the paracellular pathway

Answer 60

tight junctions, transport

Question 61

adhering junctions include _______ and ______ which function to mechanically _______ cells together or to the _______

Answer 61

zona adherens, macula adherenes (desmosomes), attach, extracellular matrix

Question 62

communicating junctions or _______, mediate the passage of ________ or _______ from one cell to thee other

Answer 62

gap junctions, chemical, electrical signals

Question 63

tight junctions form seals that prevent proteins from ___________ and limit transcellular ________ and are associated with _____ filaments

Answer 63

migrating to other domains, transport, actin

Question 64

tight junctions (zona occuldens) are formed by transmembrane proteins ______ and _______ and are associated with ______ filaments inside the cell and bind to ______ outside the cell

Answer 64

claudins, occludins, actin, each other

Question 65

zona adherins are junctions that ______ and stabilize the sheet

Answer 65

attach cells together

Question 66

zona adherens use ______ outside the cell to attach plasma membrane together and ______ filaments inside the cell

Answer 66

cadherins, actin

Question 67

Desmosomes (macula adherens) form a series of attachment sights that stabilize the epithelium which are important in ______

Answer 67

skin

Question 68

outside of the cell, desmosomes hold adjacent plasma membranes together by _______ and _______

Answer 68

desmocollins , desmogleins

Question 69

inside the cell, desmosomes use thick protein plaques as insertion points for ________ filaments of the cytoskeleton

Answer 69

intermediate

Question 70

Pemphigus, is a blistering disease where individuals make antibodies that bind and disrupt ______ which results in severe blistering

Answer 70

desmosomes

Question 71

Gap junctions consist of transmembrane ________ proteins that form channels between cells called _______

Answer 71

connexin, connexons

Question 72

Gap junctions permit the flow of _____ and ______ molecules for _________ communication between cells

Answer 72

ions , small, electrochemical

Question 73

_____ connexin proteins form one connexon, and ______ connexons form a gap junction

Answer 73

six, two