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Anatomical Sciences Exam 1 > cytoskeleton > Flashcards

cytoskeleton Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

the cytoskeleton is a system of _______ that provide for the architecture, shape and motility of cells and for the direct movement of ______ and ______

A

protein polymers, organelles, molecules

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2
Q

components of the cytoskeleton include ________, __________, ___________ and a host of ________ and ___________ proteins

A

microtubules, microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, accessory, regulatory

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3
Q

microtubules are composed of _______ dimers made up of ________ and ______

A

tubulin, alpha, beta tubulin

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4
Q

tubulin is a _______

A

GTPase

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5
Q

microtubules are hollow with an outside diameter of ______

A

24 nm

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6
Q

accessory proteins called __________ stabilize and space the polymers and ________ between cytoskeletal elements

A

microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), regulate interactions

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7
Q

microtubules are highly ______ if not stabilized and can undergo rapid bouts of assembly and disassembly

A

dynamic

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8
Q

microtubules act as _______ for microtubule based motor proteins to transport cargo

A

substrate

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9
Q

microtubules are _______ polymers with a plus end and a minus end

A

polarized

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10
Q

the plus end of the microtubule is _______ with _______ rates of tubulin addition and removal and is the end closest to the cytoplasm

A

dynamic (lengthens and shortens), faster

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11
Q

the minus end of a microtubule is embedded in the ________ and has _____ rates of tubulin addition

A

centrosome, slower

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12
Q

microtubules make up the _________, provide a road for transport in most ______ cells, the key determinate of cell _________, very important in _______ for shape and axonal transport, and provide a backbone for _______ and _______

A

mitotic spindle, interphase, shape, neurons, cilia, flagella

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13
Q

microtubules are composed of _____ protofilaments which are stacks of tubulin dimers

A

13

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14
Q

the polymerization phase of the microtubule is considered the _______ phase where ______ is needed for building and is attached

A

rescue, GTP

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15
Q

the depolymerization phase of the microtubule is considered the _______ phase where ______ is attached when breaking down due to a loss of a phosphate

A

catastrophe, GDP

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16
Q

the two microtubule associated motor proteins include ______ and _______

A

dynein, kinesin

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17
Q

on a microtubule, dynein moves towards the ______ end while kinesin moves towards the ______ end while both using ATP to move

A

negative, plus

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18
Q

the head domain of microtubule associated motor proteins is attached at the ______ and “walks” along it

A

microtubule

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19
Q

the light and or intermediate chains of the microtubule associated motor proteins decide _________, regulates the _________ and the ______

A

what cargo will be carried, motor protein, speed

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20
Q

microtubule structural non-motor proteins function to _______, regulate ________, and regulate ________ example is ______

A

organize, stability, dynamics, tau and MAP-1,2,3,4 etc

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21
Q

nucleation is the process of creating a cytoskeletal polymer or_________ from scratch

A

microtubule

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22
Q

polymerization is the _______ of a cytoskeletal polymer following nucleation

A

elongation

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23
Q

nucleation occurs at the _______ and it is located near the ______

A

centrosome, nucleus

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24
Q

a centrosome is composed of two cylindrical structures called ______, arranged ________ to each other and surrounded by a protein rich matrix known as the ________

A

centrioles, perpendicular, periocentriolar material

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25
gamma tubulin is required only for _______ of microtubules and is only found in the ________
nucleation, centrosome
26
cilia and sperm tails are _______ based structures used for movement
microtubule
27
the basal body is the ______ center and _______ organizing center for cilia and flagella
nucleation, microtubule
28
the _______ is the 9+2 microtubule structure of cilia and flagella
axoneme
29
_____ drives the axonemal motility of of cilia and flagella inside the axoneme
dynein
30
immotile cilia syndrome is a body wide defect in axonemal structure that results in obstructive ____ disease and ______ males
lung, sterile
31
_________ syndrome is a combination of situs inversus (reversal of normal body asymmetry) and immotile cilia syndrome
kartageners
32
In cancer cells, microtubules are ______ in therapeutics in order to try and block cell division
targets
33
lissencephaly (smooth brain) is caused by mutations in the microtubule proteins _____ and ______, is the inability of microtubules to move and fold the brain
L1S1, doublecortin
34
neurodegenerative disorders are abnormalities/mutations in ______, _______, _______ and ________
tau, dynein, kinesin, spastin
35
charcot marie tooth disease type 2A
a neurological disease caused by mutations in a specific kinesin
36
neurotopic viruses exploit the neuron's microtubule based _______ to reach cell bodies and infect it, the vectors bind to the _______
transport system, motor proteins
37
microfilaments are non-hallow polymers of the globular protein ________
actin
38
actin is an ______ that is helical in structure (two chains wrapped around each other)
ATPase
39
actin is roughly ______ in diameter
7 nm
40
actin is ______ if not stabilized; can undergo rapid bouts of assembly and disassembly
highly dynamic
41
actin has a huge array of ________ regulated by ________
configurations, accessory proteins
42
microfilaments act as substrate for members of the ______ family of motor proteins to move along and carry cargo
myosin
43
unlike microtubules, actin filaments do _____ have specific organizing centers like centrosome and can be nucleated _______ in the cell
not, almost anywhere
44
actin filaments are polarized filaments with a barbed and pointed end where the _______ end favors assembly and the ______ end does not
barbed, pointed
45
myosin motors read the polarity of microfilaments and move from one end to the other but most move towards the _____ end
barbed
46
microfilaments functions include concentration in the cell cortex for various functions, cleavage furrow ______ during mitosis, cell ______ , organelle _______, and contractility
pinching, motility, transport
47
_________ is an accessory protein often bound to the structure of actin filaments
tropomyosin
48
there are three actin isoforms which include ____, _____, and ______
alpha, beta, gamma
49
_____ actin is muscle specific where _____ and ____ are found in most cells
alpha, beta, gamma
50
actin must be _____ loaded for nucleation and polymerization
ATP
51
nucleation promoting factors (NPF) activate the __________ which regulates actin nucleation by adding actin monomers to produce _______ actin filaments
Arp2/3 complex, branched
52
spire is a protein that ______ actin on the ______ end and helps initiate the _______ of actin and protects from disassembly
nucleates, pointed, assembly
53
formins are a protein that ______ existing actin on the ______ end and helps initiate the _______ of actin elongation
nucleates, barbed, assembly
54
monomer sequestering is when a actin monomer is bound to ______ and cannot be used until the protein is _____
depolymerizing protein, removed
55
capping is when a cap is placed on ______ end of actin and stops ________ to make short capped filaments
barbed, polymerization
56
cross linking is when _______ actin filaments or ______ filaments, create _________ or _______ that have structural functions and other functions within cytoplasm
short capped , long , bundles, networks
57
annealing is when ________ actin filaments are joined together to make a ______ filament
short uncapped , long
58
in fibroblasts the actin cytoskeleton is organized into stress fibers which are composed of ______, _______ and _______ where the function is mainly in _______
myosin, alpha actin, formins, contractility
59
the leading edge meshworks of fibroblasts are composed of ______ at the edge of the cells that are formed and controlled by ________, ______ and _______
actin filaments, Arp2/3 complex, profilin, cofilin
60
the sarcomere is composed of actin filaments that overlap with their ______ on the outside and _______ on the inside
pointed ends, barbed ends
61
myosins and f-actin are associated with force by generating mechanoenzymes with roles in _______ and intracellular _______ that allows ______ to contract
contractility, transport, sarcomeres
62
myosin I and myosin v contain ______ light chains that are phosphorylated once ______ is present binds
calmodulin, calcium
63
myosin II contains an ______ and ______ light chain
essential, regulatory
64
the _______ light chain of myosin II acts as an off/on switch for muscle contractions by controlling the accessibility of myosin ______ which is controlled by ______
regulatory, heads, kinases
65
the essential light chain of myosin II is vital in proper ______ of the myosin motor protein
function
66
_____ is the main movement myosin in all muscles
myosin II
67
during cytokinesis _____ and ______ are located at the contractile ring (cleavage furrow) during cell division and pinches off cells,______ is located at the poles
F actin, myosin II, myosin I
68
_______ are actin based epithelial projections where in the small intestines they increase surface area for absorption
microvilli
69
The _____ end of the actin filaments are located at the tip of the microvilli
barbed
70
in the ear cells ______ detect sound waves
sterocilia
71
The ______ domain of lateral arms binds to the membrane in microvilli where the arms are made of ______ and ______
hydrophobic , calmodulin, myosin I
72
the lateral arms in microvilli attach to _____ filaments, that make up the structure, and stabilizes the filaments by binding to the ______
actin, membrane
73
______ and ______ stabilize the array of microfilaments in the microvilli
Villin, fimbrin
74
the physical link between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular environment provides ___
Mechanical continuity
75
F actin serves as scaffolding for spectrin web in the ______ cytoskeleton
red blood cell
76
hereditary spherocytosis is an actin malfunction disease which deforms ______ to fragile spherocytes because of weakened _______of spectrin to band 4.1
red blood cells, binding affinity
77
hereditary elliptocytosis is an actin malfunction disease that deforms red blood cells into fragile elliptocytes because of _______ of spectrin
incomplete formation
78
breast cancer, in some forms the actin associated protein_____, which links integrin receptors to the actin cytoskeleton, is disrupted promoting _____ migration of cancer cells
tensin, metastatic
79
familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by a specific mutation in _____
cardiac actin
80
mutations in skeletal muscle actin are associated with _________ characterized by the structural abnormalities of the muscle and variable degrees of muscle ______
congenital myopathies, weakness
81
myosin VI mutations cause _____ due to improper formation of _______
deafness, stereocilia
82
myosin VII mutations are associated with deafness, ________, and ______ (usher syndrome type 1)
neurological disorder, blindness
83
phalloidin is a type of toxin from mushrooms that binds to and stabilizes _______
actin filaments
84
bacteria pathogens use the cytoskeletal elements by developing ________ to help move around bacterium
actin-Nucleation-like proteins
85
intermediate filaments are ______ and are comparatively _______ (much more stable)
non-polarized, non-dynamic
86
intermediate filaments fill spaces within cells, give cells tensile _____, and are important at cell _____
strength, junctions
87
intermediate filaments are _______ across cell types and different cell types have different kinds of intermediate filaments
much less conserved
88
______ filaments can be used as cell specific markers
intermediate
89
intermediate filaments form when two monomers form a parallel ________, then two ______ form a antiparallel tetramer which interact in a staggered array and continue to stack in an array of ________, the filament then lengthens and winds into a ______ like structure
coiled-coil dimer, dimers, 8 tetramers, rope
90
type I _______ and type II _______ intermediate filaments are found in ________ and ______ derivatives (hair, nails etc)
acid keratin, basic/neutral keratin, epithelial cells, epidermal
91
type III _______, _______, and _______ intermediate filaments are found in cells of mesenchymal origin (fibroblasts), muscle cells and glial cells respectively
vimentin, desmin, glial fibrilry acidic protein
92
type IV neurofilament protein intermediate filaments are found in ______
neurons
93
type V nuclear lamins A, B, and C intermediate filaments are found in the ______
nuclear lamina of all nucleated cells
94
epidermolysis bullosa simplex is caused by a mutation in ______ genes expressed in basal cell layer of _____, results in a skin that is very sensitive to mechanical injury
keratin, epidermis
95
progeria is a fast aging disease associated with a mutation in _____ protein
nuclear lamina
96
desmins are mutated in ______
cardiomyopathies
97
keratins are mutated in greater than ____ diseases
20
98
neurofilament proteins are linked to small subunit mutation in the IF/2E forms of _______
Charcot-Marie tooth disease
99
peripherin is induced after ______
peripheral nerve injury
100
Glial fibrillary acidic protein is mutated in Alexander disease a leukodystrophy, which results in abnormal _____
myelin

Anatomical Sciences Exam 1 (6 decks)

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