Cell Structure Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Basic building block that makes up all organisms
A
Cell
2
Q
Large, complex molecules playing several critical roles in the body.
A
Proteins
3
Q
Does most of the work in cells and are necessary for the tissues and organs of the body’s structure, function, and control.
A
Proteins
4
Q
Hundreds or thousands of smaller units comprising in the proteins.
A
Amino acids
5
Q
Provides energy, structural support and cellular communication
A
Carbohydrates
6
Q
Has the most important function as a source of energy
A
Carbohydrates
7
Q
Prevents the use of proteins
A
Carbohydrates
8
Q
The basic building block for all cells
A
Lipids
9
Q
Made up of fatty acids that can either be saturated or unsaturated
A
Lipids
10
Q
Important components of the plasma membrane and other cellular compartments
A
Lipids
11
Q
They can have structural or signaling roles
A
Lipids
12
Q
“Thread of life”
A
Nucleic acids
13
Q
Two types of nucleic acids
A
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
14
Q
More complex type of cell
A
Eukaryotes
15
Q
Includes humans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals
A
Eukaryotes
16
Q
Eukaryotic cell’s basic structure
A
- Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
17
Q
[CHARACTERISTIC]
Selectively permeable boundary of the cell
A
Cell membrane
18
Q
[LOCATION]
Where is the cell membrane located? (animal cell)
A
Cell wall
19
Q
[LOCATION]
Where is the cell membrane located? (plant cell)
A
Between the cytoplasm and cell wall
20
Q
[COMPOSITION]
Composed of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins and short carbohydrate chains
A
Cell membrane
21
Q
[FUNCTION]
Regulates what enters or exits the cell
A
Cell membrane
22
Q
[FUNCTION]
Separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment
A
Cell membrane
23
Q
All parts of the cell inside the membrane but outside the nucleus (within the cell membrane)
A
Cytoplasm
24
Q
Contains a cytosol which is a thick, aqueous solution of salts surrounding the organelles
A
Cytoplasm
25
Includes all cytoplasmic organelles
Cytoplasm
26
Nutrients and mineral spread here
Cytoplasm
27
The constant motion of this gel-like substance is called?
Cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis
28
Specialized structures within the cell that are enclosed within their own lipid bilayers
Membrane-bound organelles
29
Membrane-bound organelles
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Membrane
30
Control center of cell activities
Nucleus
31
Made of DNA organized in chromosomes
Nucleus
32
Suspension substance of organelles
Nucleoplasm
33
Nucleus: made of?
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Nucleoplasm
Nucleololus
Nuclear Membrane
34
Contains nuclear pores
Nuclear membrane
35
Hereditary material of the cell
DNA
36
Double-stranded molecule, shaped like a twisted ladder or a double helix
DNA
37
Organized in chromosomes
DNA
38
Location of DNA in human cells
Nucleus
39
Location of DNA in mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA
40
Location of DNA in prokaryotic cell
Cytoplasm
41
Each strand of DNA is made up of a sequence of ?
Nucleotides
42
Basic units of DNA
Nucleotides
43
Two strands of DNA are held together by ?
Hydrogen bonds
44
DNA base pairs
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
45
Stores and transmits genetic information
DNA
46
Carries the instruction for making all the proteins required by an organism
DNA
47
Replicates itself during cell division, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions
DNA
48
DNA (full)
Deoxyribonucleic acid
49
Inside the nucleus; may have 1 to 4 nucleoli
Nucleolus
50
Disappears when the cell divides
Nucleolus
51
Makes ribosomes that make proteins
Nucleolus
52
Double membrane surrounding the nucleus
Nuclear membrane
53
Contains nuclear pores to regulate movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus
Nuclear membrane
54
Connected to the rough ER
Nuclear membrane
55
Found majority on eukayotic cells; considered as the largest organelle (10% of the cell's volume)
Nuclear membrane
56
The process of selectively permeable nuclear envelope that separates the contents of the nucleus from that of the cytoplasm.
Cell compartmentalization
57
Involves FIRST TRANSCRIPTION, which is the mechanism by which DNA is transcribed to mRNA
Gene expression
58
Transcription center
Nucleus
59
Processing of pre-mRNA involves the newly synthesized mRNA molecules. Before it exits the nucleus, it undergoes a process known as?
Post-transcriptional modification
60
Molecules are added or removed from the structure
Post-transcriptional modification
61
Membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuoles & Vesicles
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Glyoxisomes
Spherosome
EnGoVaLyPeMiChloGlySphe
62
Network of hollow membrane tubules
Endoplasmic reticulum
63
Major site of synthesis in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
64
A flattened sac network (cisternae) that is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
65
Connects to nuclear envelope and cell membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
66
The ER closely links to that of the golgi apparatus and together they form ?
The cell's secretary route
67
Functions in synthesis & transport of cell products
Endoplasmic reticulum
68
Less widespread; is not associated with ribosomes
Smooth ER
69
Certain specialized tissues; extensive smooth ER
Steroidogenic cells & muscles
70
Important in lipids, phospholipids, and steroids synthesis
Smooth ER
71
Lacks ribosomes on its surface; is attached to the ends of the rough ER
Smooth ER
72
Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell
Smooth ER
73
Smooth ER contains ? that are essential to some drugs and toxins
Cytochrome p450 enzymes
74
Functions of the Smooth ER
— Part of the process of modification involving folding up, forming proteins
— Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
— Metabolizes carbohydrates
— Stores and regulates calcium ions (muscle cells)
— Detoxifies drugs and poisons (liver)
75
Has ribosomes on its surface; makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of the cell
Rough ER
76
Proteins are made by ?
Ribosomes on the ER's surface
77
Proteins are then ? to be modified and transported
Threaded into the interior of the ER
78
Plays a role in the modification of protein, such as folding and adding sugar groups to form GLYCOPROTEINS
Rough ER
79
Made up of proteins and rRNA
Ribosomes
80
"Protein factories"
Ribosomes
81
___ joins amino acids together by a process called ?
Ribosomes; protein synthesis
82
A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
Endomembrane System
83
The endomembrane system
Nuclear Envelope
Lysosomes
Vesicles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
84
[GOLGI APPARATUS]
Carbohydrate regions of glycoproteins are altered by addition, removal or modification of carbohydrates
Protein Processing
85
[GOLGI APPARATUS]
Adds phosphate groups and glycoproteins to lipids from ER (eg cholesterol) to create the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane
Lipid Processing
86
Packaged into vesicled specific to it
Lysosomal Proteins (Enzymes)
87
Packaged into exocytosis-ready secretory vesicles
Secretory Proteins (Hormones)
88
Enter constitutive secretory pathway present in all cells
Cell Surface Proteins (Phospholipids)
89
Stacks of flattened sacs
Golgi Apparatus
90
Receiving side of golgi apparatus
Cis face
91
Shipping side of golgi apparatus
Trans face
92
Receives proteins made by ER
Golgi apparatus
93
Modifies, sorts & packs ER products for storage or transport out of cell
Golgi apparatus
94
Transports vesicles with modified proteins pinched off the ends
Golgi apparatus
95
Site of cellular respiration (burning of glucose)
Mitochondria
96
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
97
Arranged in cristae in order to increase the surface area available for energy production
Mitochondria
98
Generates biologically available energy (ATP)
Mitochondria
99
Helps MAINTAIN THE INTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT as it stores caspases responsible for triggering apoptosis and able to transiently store calcium contributing to CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
Mitochondria
100
Contains digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
101
Breaks down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts
Lysosomes
102
Programmed for cell death
Lysosomes
103
Suicidal bags
Lysosomes
104
Other term for cell death
Autolysis
105
Lyses (break open) & releases enzymes to break down and recycle cell parts
Lysosomes
106
Membrane-bound vesicles; contains oxidative enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
Peroxisomes
107
Involved in the synthesis of lipid-like cholesterol and plasmalogens
Peroxisome
108
A family of phospholipids in which one of the hydrocarbon chains is joined to glycerol by an ether bond rather than an
ester bond.
Plasmalogens
109
What produces hydrogen peroxide then converts it to water
Oxidative enzymes
110
For lipid metabolism and conversion of fatty acid to sugar
Peroxisomes
111
Fluid-filled sacs for storage
Vacuoles
112
Small; fewer or absent in ANIMAL CELLS
Vacuoles
