Cell Structure (4)

Question 1

cell theory

Answer 1

1. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. cells are the smallest units of life
3. new cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division

Question 2

magnification

Answer 2

ratio between size of an image produced by a microscope and its actual size

Question 3

resolution

Answer 3

ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another (measure of CLARITY)

Question 4

contrast

Answer 4

how different one structure looks from another

Question 5

light microscope

Answer 5

uses light for illumination

Question 6

electron microscope

Answer 6

uses a beam of electrons for illumination

Question 7

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Answer 7

thin slices stained with heavy metals

Question 8

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Answer 8

sample coated with heavy metal

Question 9

types of light microscopy

Answer 9

standard
differential interference contrast
phase contrast
fluorescence microscopy

Question 10

standard (bright field)

Answer 10

light is focused with glass lenses
light passes directly through sample

Question 11

phase contrast

Answer 11

microscope amplifies differences in phase of light transmitted or reflected by sample

Question 12

differential interference contrast

Answer 12

another method using optics to improve contrast

Question 13

fluorescence microscopy

Answer 13

uses fluorescently labeled substances
useful for visualizing specific structures

Question 14

confocal microscopy

Answer 14

uses lasers focused at different depths of the sample to take optical sections of a sample

generates dozens of single layers of a thick specimen that can be stacked together to form very sharp image

almost always stained with fluorescent staining

Question 15

prokaryotic

Answer 15

no nucleus
“before nucleus”
smaller than eukaryotic

Question 16

eukaryotic

Answer 16

possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelle

Question 17

2 kinds of prokaryotic organisms

Answer 17

bateria
archaea

Question 18

bacteria

Answer 18

abundant
vast majority not harmful
smal – 1mum to 10 mum in diameter

Question 19

archaea

Answer 19

small – 1mum to 10 mum in diameter
rare
extreme environments

Question 20

typical bacteria cell

Answer 20

cytoplasm
nucleoid region
ribosomes
cell wall
glycocalyx
appendages

Question 21

glycocalyx

Answer 21

traps water, gives protection, help evade immune system

Question 22

eukaryotic cells

Answer 22

large 10 mum to 100 mum in diameter
dna protected inside membrane-bound nucleus
organelles
variety

Question 23

universal components of cells

Answer 23

genetic material
ribosomes
cytosol
cell membrane

Question 24

nucleus

Answer 24

central office
location of most of genome
gene expression and regulation
organization and protection of chromosomes

Question 25

cytosol

Answer 25

work space coordination of response to environment coordination of metabolism synthesis of the proteome organization and movement central coordinating region for metabolic activities of eukaryotic cells

Question 26

ribosomes

Answer 26

assembly machine

Question 27

cytoskeleton

Answer 27

structural support and avenues for transport

Question 28

shipping center

Answer 28

endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus

Question 29

wast management

Answer 29

lysosome peroxisome

Question 30

power generators

Answer 30

mitochondria (ATP in all eukaryotes) chloroplast (glucose production in plants)

Question 31

ER

Answer 31

protein secretion and sorting glycosylation lipid synthesis metabolic functions and accumulation of Ca2+

Question 32

Golgi apparatus

Answer 32

protein secretion and sorting glycolysation

Question 33

plasma membrane

Answer 33

uptake and excretion of ions and molecules cell signaling

Question 34

mitochondria

Answer 34

synthesis of ATP synthesis and modification of other organic molecules production of heat

Question 35

chloroplasts

Answer 35

photosynthesis

Question 36

cytoplasm vs. cytosol

Answer 36

cytoplasm = everything inside plasma membrane EXCEPT nucleus Cytosol = region that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane

Question 37

catabolism

Answer 37

breakdown of a molecule into smaller components larger molecule --> energy + smaller molecules

Question 38

anabolism

Answer 38

synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules smaller molecules + energy --> larger molecule

Question 39

metabolism

Answer 39

sum of all chemical reactions by cells for synthesis and energy utilization

Question 40

enzymes

Answer 40

proteins that accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction

Question 41

cytoskeleton

Answer 41

complex network of microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

Question 42

microtubules

Answer 42

long, hollow, cylindrical filaments, large in diameter, dynamic, grow from centrosome

Question 43

intermediate filaments

Answer 43

long, coiled, rope-like filaments, intermediate in diameter, static 3 main types: collagen, keratin, laminin

Question 44

microfilaments

Answer 44

shorter, coiled, rope-like filaments, smallest in diameter, dynamic made of actin located below plasma membrane cell movement, cell division, movement of materials in cytoplasm

Question 45

microtubules in cell division

Answer 45

BEFORE = centrosomes replicate and migrate to opposite ends grow from centrosomes and attach to chromosomes to pull apart

Question 46

flagella

Answer 46

longer than cilia single or in pairs

Question 47

cilia

Answer 47

shorter than flagella cover a lot of the cell surface

Question 48

motor proteins

Answer 48

at powered movement head, hinge, and tail domains

Question 49

three movements of motor proteins

Answer 49

carries cargo filament moves when motors are fixed bending of the filament when both motors and filaments are fixed