Cell Structure an Function

Question 1

What are the three tenets of the cell theory?

Answer 1

All living things composed one more cells; cell simplest unit carry out all life processes; all cells arise pre-existing cells.

Question 2

Compare light microscopes and electron microscopes.

Answer 2

Light microscopes use visible light for magnification and allow observation of living cells (limited resolution), while electron microscopes use electron beams for higher magnification and resolution but require non-living, vacuum-sealed specimens.

Question 3

What are dissecting microscopes used for?

Answer 3

Provide 3D views at lower magnifications (20–90X) used for larger specimens.

Question 4

Give examples of prokaryotic organisms.

Answer 4

Bacteria and Archaea.

Question 5

Give examples of eukaryotic organisms.

Answer 5

Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals.

Question 6

List three key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 6

Prokaryotic cells are simple, small, lack nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells are larger and contain nucleus and organelles.

Question 7

What limits cell size?

Answer 7

Surface area-to-volume ratio.

Question 8

What does the endosymbiotic theory explain?

Answer 8

Origin mitochondria chloroplasts from ancient bacteria.

Question 9

What are some common features shared by eukaryotic plant and animal cells?

Answer 9

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton.

Question 10

What 3 features are present in animal cells but not plant cells?

Answer 10

Centrosomes, lysosomes, and an extracellular matrix.

Question 11

What features are present in plant cells but not animal cells?

Answer 11

Cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, and plasmodesmata.

Question 12

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

Answer 12

Regulates substance passage via selective permeability, contains receptors for signaling.

Question 13

Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane.

Answer 13

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

Question 14

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 14

Houses DNA, directs protein synthesis via ribosomes.

Question 15

Differentiate between rough ER and smooth ER.

Answer 15

Rough ER protein modification, smooth ER lipid synthesis.

Question 16

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 16

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/lipids.

Question 17

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 17

ATP production (cellular respiration).

Question 18

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 18

Digest waste using low pH enzymes.

Question 19

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer 19

Photosynthesis in plant cells.

Question 20

List the three components of the cytoskeleton and their roles.

Answer 20

Microfilaments (cell shape), intermediate filaments (structural support), and microtubules (organelle transport).

Question 21

What is the function of the extracellular matrix in animal cells?

Answer 21

Tissue structure, aids in cell communication via glycoproteins (e.g., collagen).

Question 22

Give an example of a specialized animal cell and its function.

Answer 22

Red blood cells oxygen transport, muscle cells contraction.

Question 23

Give an example of a specialized plant cell and its function.

Answer 23

Leaf cells photosynthesis, guard cells stomata regulation.

Question 24

List the types of passive transport.

Answer 24

Diffusion, osmosis (water movement), and facilitated diffusion (protein-assisted).

Question 25

What is required for active transport?

Answer 25

ATP (e.g., sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis/exocytosis).

Question 26

Define hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions in relation to cell tonicity.

Answer 26

Hypotonic cell swell, isotonic no net movement, hypertonic cell shrink.

Question 27

List the differences between active and passive transport.

Answer 27

Active: Against concentration gradient, requires ATP Passive: Down concentration gradient, doesn't require ATP