Scientific Method 2 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What is the scientific method?
A systematic approach used to explore phenomena, solve problems, and make discoveries.
What is the first step of the scientific method, and how is it performed?
Observation, which involves using senses, instruments, or previous data to identify a problem or question.
Define a ‘Hypothesis’ in the scientific method.
A testable and falsifiable statement offering a potential explanation.
What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?
It must be testable and specific (e.g., “If plants receive red light, then growth rates will increase”).
What is a ‘Prediction’ in the scientific method?
A cause-and-effect statement derived from the hypothesis.
What are the two main types of experiments, and how do they differ?
Controlled experiments manipulate variables and include control and experimental groups, while uncontrolled experiments involve observations in natural settings without interference.
Differentiate between an independent variable and a dependent variable.
The independent variable is the factor manipulated (e.g., battery replacement), and the dependent variable is the result due to manipulation (e.g., flashlight working).
What are the two types of data recorded in results?
Qualitative data (descriptions) and quantitative data (measurements).
What is the purpose of the ‘Discussion’ section in the scientific method?
To analyze results, compare findings with past studies, and evaluate implications.
What is the final step before publication in the scientific method?
Conclusion, where findings are summarized and the hypothesis is evaluated.
Why is ‘Publication’ important in the scientific method?
To share findings through peer-reviewed journals for validation and further exploration.
Differentiate between a hypothesis, a theory, and a scientific law.
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation subject to testing. A theory is a comprehensive explanation based on verified hypotheses. A scientific law describes observable phenomena, often mathematically.
What is ‘Discovery Science’?
Science that solves practical problems, such as developing new drugs or improving crops.
What is ‘Hypothesis-Based Science’?
Science that explains natural phenomena without immediate commercial value, such as the genetics of fruit flies.
How can data be represented to interpret and communicate findings?
Via models such as graphs, diagrams, or computer simulations.
Which type of graph is best for showing trends over time?
Line graphs.
Which type of graph is best for categorical comparisons?
Bar graphs.
Which type of graph is best for correlations?
Scatter plots.
What are some limitations of science?
It cannot address supernatural phenomena due to a lack of repeatability, and it relies on available technology and is subject to human biases.
Define qualitative data and provide an example.
Descriptive information, such as color, texture, or behaviors.
Define quantitative data and provide an example.
Numerical measurements, such as height, weight, or speed.
Why is data visualization crucial?
For revealing patterns and insights not obvious in raw data, making complex concepts easier to understand, and effectively communicating scientific findings.
What is a Bar Graph used for?
Compares quantities across categories and is useful for showing differences between groups.
What is a Scatterplot used for, and what does it show?
Displays relationships between two numerical variables and shows correlations and clustering in large datasets.
