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Cell structure and functions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell membrane

A
  • all cells contain it
  • contain a lipid bilayer with embedded protines and carbs
  • function is to regulate movement of matirial
  • highly selective
  • lipids emmbeded are hydrophelic and hydrophobic which gives it a mosaic model which makes it appear moveable and floating
  • carb attached to protine
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2
Q

hydrophobic

A

dosnt like water faces inward

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3
Q

hydrophelic head

A

loves water

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4
Q

What is cell transport

A
  • Allows materials to go in and out of cell
  • 2 types-active/passive
  • mantain homiostasis
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5
Q

Active transport

A

transport of small molecules or ions across a cell membrane is gennerally carried out by transport protines, protine pumps that are found in cell membrane since it is pumping agenst gradient, active transport needs cellular energy

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6
Q

endocytosis

A

method of active transport
-the process of taking in material into the cell by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane and taken into the cell

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7
Q

exocytosis

A

membrane vesicle or vacuole surrounded the material and then will fuse with the cell membrane

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell-plants and animals

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9
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

dotted with nuclear pores which allow material to move in and out of the nucleus-plants and animals

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10
Q

Nucleolus

A

begins the assembly of ribosomes and is a small dense region- plants and animals

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11
Q

plasmid

A

circular DNA that is found floating in the cytoplasm giving genetic information to the cell- prokaryotic

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12
Q

chromatin

A

a complex of DNA bound to proteins-plant and animal

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13
Q

vacuoles

A

the garbage collectors and a place to store things- P and A

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14
Q

lysosomes

A

small organelles filled with enzymes-break down macromolecules- P and A

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

small particles of RNA and protine found throughout the cytoplasm. They produce protines by instructions from DNA-all

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16
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

internal membrane system. its where lipids are synthesized along with protines. they remove junk-P and A

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17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

puts finishing touch on protine before they leave
- modifies sorts and packages protines and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release -P and A

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18
Q

cilia

A

tiney hairlike structures that line the respiratory tract and propel pathogens out of body-all

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19
Q

flagella

A

tail that helps cell move-all

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20
Q

cell wall

A

serves as barier
supports shape
protect cell -Prok and Plant

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21
Q

cell membrane(plasma membrane)

A

regulates what goes in and out of cell-all

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22
Q

cytoplasm

A

portion of the cell outside the nucleus/works with nucleus-all

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23
Q

chloroplasts

A

capture energy from sun and convert it into chemical energy stored in food during photosynthesis-P

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24
Q

Mitocondria

A

power plants of cell

  • convert the chemical energy stored in food molecules into compounds that are more convinent for the cell to use
  • make ATP energy
  • runs on glucose
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25
cytosketaton
helps maintain shape and also involved in movement P and A
26
microfilaments
threadlike structure that produces tough flexible frameworks also help with movement
27
Microtubules
help with structure and provide basis for movement and cell division
28
sepermeable
only secect nolecules can get in and out of cells
29
vesicle
small sac
30
What is cell transport
- allows materials to enter and exit a cell. - 2 types - cells surrounded in a liquid environment - allows for homeostasis
31
Active transport
transport of small molecules or ions across a cell membrane in generally caried out by transport protines, protine pumps that are found in the cell membrane since it is umping agenst gradient - needs cellular energy. - 2 methods
32
AT | Endocytosis
the process of taking in material into the cell by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane and taken into the cell
33
AT | Exocytosis
the membrane vesicle or vacuole surround the material and then fuse with the cell membrane
34
Passive transport
movement and substances into and out without cellular energy
35
pt | diffusion
the process by ehich particles move from an area of high to low concentration
36
pt | facilitated diffusion
when protines in the lipid bilayer act as carriers to help the substancces pass through the cell membrane. Aquaporins in lipid layer help facilitate water to enter or exit a cell
37
pt | osmosis
the movement of water across the selective membrane from higher to lower concentration till equilibrium is reached
38
What is Osmosis
osmosis is when two diffrent aqueous solutions of water will move from an area of high to low concentration
39
Isotonic solutions
when concentration of solute(salt) and water are equal inside and outside the cell, The water will move freely back and forth
40
Hypotonic solution
the inside of the cell has more solute and less water. The water will flow into the cell, and the cell will enlarge
41
Hypotonic in animal cells
can burst so the cell will pump out water
42
Hypotonic in plants
fill making it stiff and rigid cell walks keep from bursting
43
hypertonic solutions
the outside of the cell is more concentrated than the inside of the cell. Water will move out causing the cell to shrink
44
solute
substance to be dissolved
45
solvent
the substance that is disolving
46
Concentration
measure of how much solute is present per volume of solvent
47
What meathod do procaryotes and eukaryotes produce by
pro-mitosis-identical-budding, spores, regeneration-quick | eu-miosis-not identical-sperm+egg- fertilization-forms a zygote
48
what is a zygote
single cell which will under go cell division to make more cells
49
Mitosis
a form of cell division that makes 2 dauhter cells that have identical DNA to oringinal parent cell
50
how many chromosomes do body cells have
46 or 23 pairs
51
what are haploid cells
sex cells- 23 chromosomes
52
what is a diploid cell
body cells or stomata cells-formed by fertilization
53
G1 phase
growth phase - cell increases in size, metabolic activity - synthesises "makes" new protines, RNA, Organells
54
checkpoint 1
cells check that environment is good and is cell DNA healthy to continue with cell cycle
55
s phase
"synthesize" - DNA synthesized, a new copy made for daughter cell - nucleus and chromosomes created
56
checkpoint 2
DNA is checked for replication errors
57
G2 phase
prepare for cell division - DNA replication complete - All organelles and molecules are formed to enter mitosis
58
Checkpoint 3
- DNA damage checked | - good environment
59
M phase
Mitosis | - cell is dividing and making new cells
60
G Zero
optional | -entrance depends on resource and nutritional deprivation
61
organells
tiny structures found in cells
62
Prophase
- chromatin condenses into chromosomes - nuclear envelopes break down - spindles extend fibers
63
Metaphase
sister chromatid pairs line up across the middle of the cell | - spindle fibers attach
64
Anaphase
sister chromatids pull apart | - individual chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
65
Telophase
- condensed chromosomes stretch out to form chromatin - nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes - spindle breaks apart
66
cytokinesis in animal cells
cell membrane is pulled inward untill cell is pinched in 2
67
cytokinesis in plant cells
plant cell wall and membrane cannot be drawn inwards like an animal cell - a plate forms and develops into cell membranes - then a cell wall forms in between the two
68
What is the cell cycle controlled by
regulatory proteins both inside and outside the cell
69
What do growth factors do
stimulate the growth and division of cells
70
cyclin
proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle
71
apoptosis
process of programed cell death
72
cancer
disorder is which body cells lose the ability to control cell growth - unregulated
73
tumor
cancer cells form a mass of cells
74
metastasis
cancer moves into other parts of the body and forms secondary tumors
75
mutation
a change of DNA sequence in the genetic material of a cell
76
What controls cell division
cell cycle events and cellular proteins
77
what factors encourage cell division
proto-oncogenes
78
WHat are the factors that discourage cell division
tumor suppressor genes
79
WHat stage does cancer occur
"S" Phase

Biology (9 decks)

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